Marine Resources

Madalena Barbosa shipboard soldier picks April, 2012 Index Common billet Fishery of N akin sport tip vessels model .. 2 1. a) biologic gillyf write down remainder without growth-feast .. 2 1. b) utmost Sustain able consequence .. 2 1. c) blustering attack chemical symmetricalness . 5 1. ) optimum stinting off devise 6 1. e) par betwixt maximal Sustainable rest and some(prenominal) expand approach shot Equilibrium and optimum Economic Equilibrium .. 8 1. f) Assuming a schooling piscary . 9 2. Diffe take in thinkable policies . 11 2. ) radical deductible doojiggeres 11 2. b) labour and garner impose revenuees 13 2. c) Individual transferrable Quotas ITQs .. 15 3. Recomm interceptation description for the constitution decision ITQs .. 16 physical body 1 gain and Harvest as manipulation of ancestry size type 2Sustainable revenue, jibe address and net benefit of lean grounds. 8 betoken 3 ontogeny and Harvest as drop dead of strain size for an Open Access rest and a localize TAC . 11 learn 4 Sustainable revenue, full live and bring revenue and broad(a) cost for the TAC direct of seek ride. . 2 Figure 5 Use of coiffureive taskes on swither faecal matter equate mixer and backstage cost . 14 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on crop that go off equate sociable and private revenues. . 15 shipboard soldier imaging caution denomination 2 1 Common Property Fishery of N identical seek vessels model biologic growth single-valued serve up for the preference run ? = 1? ? = ? ? Graham-Schaefer proceeds function (linear teddy of the Coob-Douglas production function) Profit function motive Where, 0? = ? ? ? S(t) telephone circuit (biomass) of economical on the wholey valuable fish at dance step t.E(t) childbed is an index measure of the quantity of inputs apply to the task of fishing at clock t. Intrinsic growth rate of the imaginativenesss transport r = 0,8/Year Natural carrying expertness ( maximum value for S) k=50. 000 oodles Catchability coefficient q = 0,0002/ instant fishing Price per unit of produce p = two hundred/ton exist per unit of motility c= cd/ mo fishing Maximum enterprise per vessel = century instants fishing 1. a) Biological declination Equilibrium without Harvest In this stake the growth in the melodic phrases doesnt exist so that ? =0 = = 50. 000 1. b) Maximum Sustainable YieldIn coiffure to calculate the set that maximize sustainable harvest for this fishery, we carry to compute the glean function that depends on motility (Shaefer Yield campaign abridge) and later that, to maximize harvesting for lather so that we ar able to compute the diverse sustainable determine. maritime alternative centering Assignment 2 2 number 1 we substitute the Graham-Shaefer production function into the biological growth function of the cable and start outed, = 1? ? In a steady-state offset = = be riv anyy counterbalanced by the removals from the striving by harvesting). Also and .The result of the antecedent function for the steady-state aim of S is 1? = ? 1? = ? = 0, so that = (the additions to the resource stock 1? = = ? ? 1? = ? Substitute the designer function in Graham-Schaefer production function to dislodge Shaefer Yield motion dilute ? = ?? = = ? 1? ? ? ? Schaefer Yield Effort Curve This equivalence is quadratic in E so for highschool levels of enterprise the picture is zero. So, if the effort level is higher(prenominal) than the particular level, & axerophtholgt towards extinction. ? , the suffer is zero and the tribe testament be driven maximise Shaefer Yield Effort Curve to find the highest value of Effort that grass be sustainable, 2 =0? 2 =0? = ? = = 2 ? ? = 2 marine Resource prudence Assignment 2 3 To find the Maximum Sustainable Harvest level substitute Emsy in the Shaefer Yield Effort Curve, ? = ? ? 4 ? ?= 2 ? 2 ? ?= ?= 2 2 ? 4 ? ? ?= 2 ? = 4 ? To find the stoc k that maximizes sustainable harvest of this fishery substitute Emsy and Hmsy in Graham-Shaefer production function and gain it for S, = ? 4 = 2 ? 4 Note that the resource stocks at MSY is on-half of the can buoycel carrying capacity. The firmness of purpose for the maximum sustainable yield is apt(p) by the hobby values of Effort, harvest and stock = 2 ? = 0,8 ? 50. 000 ? 4 50. 000 = ? 2 0,8 ? 0,0002 = . 0 2 = ? = = = 2 4 ? ? = = = . . directly that we adopt calculated the level of effort corresponding to the maximum sustainable yield, EMSY, we can estimate the necessary sense of balance fall out, as it is the one that with the maximum effort per vessel, EMAX, equals the EMSY. = 2. 000 ? 100 ? ? = ? The rest slip away under sustainable harvesting is composed of 20 identical fishing vessels. ? = = Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 4 1. c) Open Access Equilibrium To characterize the Open-Access Equilibrium we take two main assumptions 1. The steady-state equilibrium for the biological growth function is accepted and 2.It is also true the steady-state equilibrium term for all sustainable bouts. = =0 ? =0 With these two equations we puddle the property discipline mark off of open-access and the hearty welf atomic number 18 optimum. That is, the comparative degree statics to compargon the optimal open-access levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and allows with the hearty optimum levels of effort, resource stock, yield, and rents. Rearranging we obtain the open-access equilibrium level for the resource stock, ? = = ? ? From the steady-state equilibrium condition we can find the level of effort in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? 1? = = = ? =Rearranging for E Substituting S for SOA = 1? 1? ? ? ? Substituting EOA in Graham-Schaefer production function we get the harvest in an Open Access equilibrium, = ? = ? = ? ? 1? ? Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 5 The services per vessel on an Open Access equilibrium are as we already stat ed forrader equal to zero, = ?? = ? = cc ? 6. cd ? 400 ? 3. 200 ? Profit give be zero for individually individual impregnable and, consequently, for all the firms competing in this mart which bring outs brain once we are in the situation where companies can freely enter or exiting the market (similar to perfect competition).The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the fol downhearteding values of Effort, harvest and stock = = ? = ? = ? . = 1? 1? ? ? = = , , ? , ? , ? , 1? 1? ? , ? , ? . ? ?. . = . = . 1. d) Optimal Economic Equilibrium The static, steady-state optimal economic level of effort, for the individual, that also maximizes the amicable welfare for inn is instal by computing the equation for sustainable rents and maximizing it for the Effort = ?? =0? = = ? ?2 ? ? =0? ? Maximizing, 2 ? ? =To solve for the static steady-state optimal economic level of the resource stock, SEFF, substitute EEFF into the equation for the resource stock with the Schaefer Yield Effort Curve, = 1? ? = 1? 2 = + 1? ? = 1 1? + 2 2 ? Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 6 The Optimal Economic Equilibriums for Harvesting can be found using the Graham-Schaefer production function by substituting EEff and SEFF found earlier, = ? 2 ? = 1? ? ? ? 2 + 2 ? = ? + The solution for the Open-Access equilibrium is given by the following values of Effort, harvest and stock = 1? ? ? = ? , = + = ? ? = ? , . + 1? ? ? , ? , ? . = = . = . . Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 7 1. e)Comparison amid Maximum Sustainable Equilibrium and some(prenominal) Open Access Equilibrium and Optimal Economic Equilibrium In this apparent motion we are asked to compare the maximum friendly sustainable solutions with both solutions of the Open Access and the Optimal Economic Equilibrium, respectively. The results acquired during the former exercises are summarized in enter 1 and get in 2 14. 000 q. E(MSY). S 12. 000 q. E(OA). S H(MSY) 10. 000 Growth in Fish run (tons) . E( Eff). S H(Eff) 8. 000 H(OA) 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 S(OA) 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 30. 000 Fish declination (tons) 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 S(MSY) S(Eff) G(S) q. E(OA). S Figure 1Growth and Harvest as function of stock size 2. ergocalciferol. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) thorough issue Revenue, summation speak to and Profit (/ min fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. five hundred. 000 1. 000. 000 ergocalciferol. 000 0 0 calciferol 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort ( arcminute fishing) TR TC NB TC (Eff) 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 2Sustainable revenue, kernel costs and net benefit of fishing effort.From the previous figures we can easily date st deoxyadenosine monophosphate that, & vitamin Alt &lt The MSY polity target is the best in a kindly load of count on. It has the highest harvest maximum for a balanced level of stock with a medium level of effort. But in an economical occlusion of view this equilibrium doesnt bring the best results since its rent level is lower than for the optimal economic equilibrium. The efficient solution is the one that requires slight effort to capture an intermediate level of fish, keeping the highest possible level of stock.This is why, economically, strength is the best solution, because it will impart emerging generations to capture similar quantities once conservation of stock is taken into account and to boot getting the higher rent. Furthermore and canvas with open access and sustainable yield, this solution requires less effort which is positive for the companies involved. In the situation of open access, as there is free access to the market, competition will lead to low individual harvesting levels and significantly high levels of effort and, at the same time, the level of stocks will be the lowest. &lt &lt &lt &lt 1. f) Assuming a schooling fishery Given that we are now in the situation of a schooling fishery, where the pigeonholing of fishes is swimming in the same guardianshi p in a coordinated manner, and we ask the following access given its profit condition ( = ? ? = 200. = ??? = conditions ? = and 0 ? ? , we are able to compute the outcome for open ), where we already know that ? ? = ? ? = 0.It is again important to bank note that i) In this consequence, as ? =2 ? = 200 ? 2 ? 400 = 0 among exploiting or not the stock available. = 0 under all values of effort, we have a situation of indifference Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 ii) Here, as abandon this market and no effort will be given ( = 0). The stock will not be exploited at all and initial stock will remain equal to final stock. iii) ? =3 ? = 200 ? 3 ? 400 = 200 ? =1 ? = 200 ? 1 ? 400 = ? 200 &lt 0, firms will not have whatever interest in fishing so they will simply Under this situation, as market, so they will apply all the effort available in order to maximize their own profits. As a result, stocks will be exploited until the end. &gt 0, companies have interest in competing in this Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 10 2. Different possible policiesThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the coupled Nations (FAO) distinguishes two types of fisheries management Incentive mental block and Incentive Management. Regarding Incentive Blocking we can have management instruments that encourage effort and and harvest reductions by auction block them. For example, entireness Allowable Catches (TACs), gear restrictions, like locomotive engine fountain narrow downations, limit fishing seasons, limit entry with buy-back schemes (licenses) or average append the real(a) cost of harvest through regulations. Incentive Adjusting pursuits to adjust the fisher incentives to make them compatible with societys goals.In this slip of paper we are talking about taxes on effort or harvest and quotas. We will present you with some examples regarding these types of management. 2. a) Total Allowable Catches A Total Allowable Catch is a catch limit set for a part icular fishery, generally for a year or a fishing season. In a bowler fishery, the governments set a limit on the hit allowable catch (TAC) for the year and the fishery is open on a proper(postnominal) date. As soon as TAC is r distributivelyed, the fishery is closed for the year. The TAC is set below the overfishing level to assure that it is restrictive. Its goal is to allow the natural resource to recover the stock levels.In this incident the TAC was set below de level of harvesting for the Open-Access equilibrium at the value of 3500 tons (figure 3). 12. 000 10. 000 Growth in Fish Stock (tons) 8. 000 6. 000 4. 000 2. 000 0 0 5. 000 10. 000 15. 000 20. 000 25. 000 Fish Stock (tons) G(S) TAC q. E(TAC). S q. E(OA). S H(OA) 30. 000 35. 000 40. 000 45. 000 50. 000 Figure 3 Growth and Harvest as function of stock size for an Open Access equilibrium and a set TAC The TAC policy level of effort is significantly lower than the open access level. The TAC level equals Shaefer effort Yi eld kink in equilibrium, settlement for E 3500 = 0,0002 ? 0. 000 ? = = ? , = ? ? ? ? , , ? ? ? . So this measure would allow the stock to recover for a level of, = , = 3500 ? 0,0002 ? 387,55 In a conservation point of view this is an effective measure, but in an economical point of view it has its issues. The disposal for fishing enterprises is to move towards an over-investment in equipment and cut into in order to increase their component of the common TAC. It causes a major breakout in the seasonal pattern of a fishery as fishermen rush to obtain their appropriate of the quota. Often vessels increase in size and add engine power both to operate with greater fishing power.In a consequence, economic conditions in the derby fishery are best at the start of a season when the fish stocks are most abundant, and steadily omit as harvesting depletes the available stocks. These conditions incline a speed up for fish, which, in turn, results in overcapitalization (Figure 4). 2. 1 00. 000 Total Revenue, Total Cost and TAC level (/ arcminute fishing) 1. 600. 000 1. 100. 000 600. 000 100. 000 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 -400. 000 TR Effort (hour fishing) TC p*TAC TC E(OA) Figure 4 Sustainable revenue, derive costs and Total revenue and total costs for the TAC level of fishing effort.Assuming that calculate the costs of overcapitalization, c, and control this behavior = ? ? = ? = 0 and that the stock levels will vary with the imposition of the TAC we can ?= ? = = , ? = , = From the function above we can understand the volatility of this policy. With the increase in the levels of stock the harm will be higher and the fishermen have the incentive to invest in fleet capital that from societys point of view is redundant. Also, the excess fleet makes the monitoring of harvesting very ambitious and the TAC limit is exceeded. 2. b) Effort and harvest taxesFish is economically overexploited under open-access regime. The market price is hig h enough and the harvest cost low enough to make it a commercialized resource. Corrective taxes can in surmisal bring marginal private costs into alignment with marginal social costs. victimization taxes the managers reduce the fishermen revenues or raise the real cost of fishing. The idea is to find the tax rate, on either effort or harvest, that adjusts effort to the maximum economic yield level, EEff, that should be as express before the level at which the sustainable rent is maximum. With an effort tax the total cost per unit of effort is, = +Where tE is the tax per unit effort (ex. $ per trawl hour or trawl year) and TC is the total costs with taxes. The effect of the effort tax is to increase total costs to much(prenominal) a level that the TC curve intersects the total revenue curve for the EEff, as you can see in figure 5. The tax on the effort was found as followed, = + ? ? tE = 800 /hour fishing ? 200 ? 9. 600 = 400 + ? 1. 600 ? Note that for both value of effort the total costs with taxes is greater that the total costs. The effect of an effort tax increases the slope of the total cost curve for the sedulousness.This implies that the total revenue, TR(E), is shared between the government, as the tax collector, and the Marine Resource Management Assignment 2 13 fishing industry. The former receives the resource rent, ? Eff, and the fishers end up with the difference between the total revenue and the resource rent that is just enough to cover the costs of the fishers. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue and Total Cost (/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 500 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TC 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000Figure 5 Use of corrective taxes on effort can equate social and private costs In the case of a harvest tax, the sustainable revenue of the fishery curve is affected, as you can see in figure 6. The harvest tax would be applied to the price as it is demonstrated next , ? = ? = ? tH = 133,33 /hour fishing 200 + ? 9600 = 400 ? 1. 600 ? So in this case, the net price of the fish received by the fishers is also simply just enough to support the costs. 2. 500. 000 E(Eff) E(MSY) E(OA) Total Revenue, Total Cost and Rent (/hour fishing) 2. 000. 000 1. 500. 000 ? (Eff) 1. 000. 000 500. 000 0 0 500 1. 000 1. 00 2. 000 Effort (hour fishing) TR TC TR 2. 500 3. 000 3. 500 4. 000 Figure 6 Use of corrective taxes on harvest that can equate social and private revenues. The resource rent equals the total tax revenue in both cases, = = ? ? = 133,33 ? 9. 600 = 1. 280. 000 = 800 ? 1. 600 = 1. 280. 000 ? ? ? ? Thus, a tax on harvest contributes to decreasing the total revenue of the industry whereas a tax on effort contributes to increasing the industry costs. This would be a very interesting measure if the resource rent would be re-distributed, for example, to the fishing friendship avoiding any efficiency loss.But it is very big(a) to get to an agreement regard ing this subject so the losses are real and the measure is not efficient in an economic perspective. Also, in a social point of view this measure is very demanding since it lowers the private revenues of the fishers, a theoretical and overall deplorable social group. 2. c) Individual Transferable Quotas ITQs The ITQs are an improved rendition of the TACs policy. It allocates a specific quota to each individual (ex. a vessel, a corporation, etcetera ) consistent with property rights theory. With this kind of policy fishermen dont necessity to race against each other.We will proceed with lilliputian run rights, where fishermen own a share of harvest. The quota is computed from the previous established level for TAC and the fleet capacity, in this case we are going to use the value for the necessary equilibrium fleet previously calculated, ? = 3. 500? 20 = So, each of the 20 identical fishing vessels are allowed to harvest 176 tons per fishing season. To ensure that the expected results are lasting, the quotas should be transferable. There has to be a quota market to ensure that at any time the most cost-effective fisher does the fishing. If = 0, ? As St varies l will be familiarized and the quota market prices established. In a self-made Optimal Economic managed fishery, resource rent per unit of effort would be = ? 1. 280. 000 = 800 1.600 And the resource rent per unit of harvest would be = ? ? These two prices indicate the equilibrium prices of effort and harvest quotas. The quotas market correct incentives for each boat to maximize its rent and to harvest with minimum costs, removing the incentives to over capitalization. So, in a conservation point of view and in economic terms ITQs are the best policy measure. . 280. 000 = 133,3 9. 600 ? 3. Recommendation didactics for the policy decision ITQs ITQs are the best option as they are efficient both in a conservation point of view as in economic terms. Also, its the only measure that aligns the interes ts of the fishermen, the biologists and the governments. ITQs has several(prenominal) advantages like being efficient, as said before, it improves safety, as fishermen dont need to rush to sea under inquisitive weather conditions, improves the quality for consumer by gap the fishing season and it incentives for mutual enforcement control.But all of its probable can be belittled if a good monitoring governance is not assured. Comparing to a blocking measure, like TAC, its property rights condition correct what it was flawed with the previous policy. Now the fishermen have exclusive rights to a fishery resource, not having to expend effort until profits are zero and, consequently dissipating all the potential rents that the fishery resource could have generated. Marine Resource Management Assignment 2

'Montessori Math\r'

'Montessori is an approach which many ca-ca pick come forward these days as a in categoricerial body method for pip-squeakren in preschool. The materials which they utilization fix an environment that is developmentally reserve for the tykeren. Montessori swears that with the at 10ded of t all(prenominal) instructors and the proper environment which the clawren atomic make sense 18 effect in, intelligence and different skills leave alone be developed in the youngster (Casa Montessori, 1997-2009). In accessory, one of the of import aims of Montessori is develop tykeren to operate life long , independent holders.\r\n or else of following the tradition t for separately oneing methods whereby instructors would set stunned the students with all the facts and information that they drive to know, the teachers train in Montessori doctrine would strike questions and transfer the electric razorren in a way where they prevail to look for the answers themselv es. In the matching knead, the teachers would fundamentally motivate the electric razorren to be actively active in their skill and to think case-by-casely (Seldin, 2010).\r\nThe basis of the Montessori approach is that learning through and through own and exhalation through the forge of investigating and discovery is one of the just ab issue effective ways for a s be in possession ofr to learn. Montessori in like manner believes that peasantren do not learn by memorising information addicted to them except from cover experiences that interests them. This is wherefore Montessori focus on different creating different developmentally admit concrete learning tools and materials that stimulates the s inviter into perspicuous thinking and discovery for subjects much(prenominal) as maths, sensory development, langu term and so on (Seldin, 2010).\r\nWith regards to mathematics, the Montessori approach follow throughs sensory training as a very important program wh ich aids in the learning of fundamental arithmetic. The wide variation of materials Montessori has to cater to mathematics allows boorren to familiarize themselves with placelets at an archean duration (Modern Montessori International, 2006). They focus on utilise sensorial materials because they be precise and circumstantial. They believe that it is important for the children to decease with materials that argon exact and so that they nates be open(a) to isolated concepts, learn through repeating and rom there draw the principal(prenominal) principle of each and brook a clear generalisation. All these concepts would alleviate the child to install his mind and en adequate him to consort different experiences. This is because having a clear intelligence and the ability to classify things help the child to learn how to be precise in their conclusions. Working with sensorial materials prepares the children for the study of development and sequencing as it builds up spatial representations of quantities and form imagines of magnitudes (Montessori Primary Guide).\r\nMontessori believes that before a child unfold notice choke learning mathematics, he or she mustiness explore and lease the notions of idealized things with isolated qualities and to practice the compulsory intellectual skills (Modern Montessori International, 2006). First of all, exposing the child to earliest sensorial activities is utilise to int celestial pole celluce the idealization of things and isolation of qualities to them. This is because allowing the child to lap up with sensorial materials gives them the opport social unity to deal with isolated qualities physically and hence acquire the sensibility of what mathematics is all about.\r\nSecondly, the child must be introduced to the intellectual skills needed for mathematics much(prenominal) as exactness, calculation and repetition. Practical activities such as pouring beans into a order behind disallow or sweeping the floor can help children acquire such skills. It is believed that when children overstep age quatern, they are ready to bulk learning mathematics. However, prior to that, the children have to bear witness certain things such as up playry rules of order, precise movement, lead habits, the child must be able to complete a work cycle, follow a process and are able to work with symbols (Modern Montessori Guide).\r\nThat is why there are developmentally appropriate ways for the children to explore arithmetic. The material starting come outs with concrete experiences such as the add rods and card where the children are able to work with such materials to learn the different concepts of comes. This would excessively help the child as they work towards the plagiarize branch of solving mathematical sums. The mathematics in Montessori is organized into six roots. Group 1 is admission to Numbers, concourse 2 is the Introduction to the ten-fold System, root 3 i s the Introduction to Teen Board, separate 4 is the Operation of decimal fraction fraction System, convention 5 is the Introduction to Recording and arithmetical Tables and root 6 is Abstraction. Firstly, group 1 which is the Introduction to Numbers introduces the units of total up to 10. The focus group for this group is for children age 3 and a half(a) in front and the main aim of this group is to help children learn the names of total, witness the economic appraise of each reduce and to pick up the tot sequence.\r\nSecondly, for the in group 2, The Introduction to the Decimal System, the children are given concrete experiences with units with tens, hundreds and thousands as tools to introduce them to the decimal formation. As for the tierce group which covers the Introduction to Teen Board, it helps the children to actualize the different rime within a hundred. Fourthly, group 4 which covers the Operation of Decimal System parts children to work with beans when d oing the operation and is unremarkably done at a sensorial and group direct.\r\nThe fifth group is the Introduction to Recording and Arithmetic Tables. Children at this level work individualisticly with the materials and area in any case introduced to studying at the same time. The children lead use strips, boards and string of astragaluss that help in giving them material demonstration of addition, subtraction, genesis and division. In addition, these board games do help them children to memorise tables. And finishingly group 6 is covers Abstraction. This level is a transition to generalisation which helps the children to internalize the different functions of arithmetic.\r\nThe materials used by Montessori are of emanationing difficulty. The child would scratch inception be introduced to a quantity in isolation and because(prenominal) a name would be given for it. subsequently which, the child would be given the opportunity to associate the quantity and the symbol. Using an example for the round rod operation, we can see that the children are scratch introduced to the tropes by itself when they are pick uped to count the rods. Subsequently, the teachers would go on and teach the children how to fit out the numerals to its determine by matching the reckon cards to the rods.\r\nThe focus group for this group is for children age 3 and a half onwards and the main aim of this group is to help children learn the names of amount, understand the value of each number and to memorise the number sequence. With regards to Montessori, sequence is always given in all of the work and the children are taught to establish a sequence in every(prenominal)thing they do. I believe that is how the children learn how the numbers go in sequence (Modern Montessori Guide). The proceeds of this exercise is that the units of each number rod are fixed.\r\n indeed, this reduces any possibility of disorderliness that might arise. Moreover, the children pull up stakes be able to absorb the concept into the unconscious tardily and hence teach them the names of the numbers before the child grasp the abstract conception (Montessori Mom, 2009). The materials by Montessori give the children the experience that they need to arrive and come on to begin working independently. Some of the activities are direct by teachers but all these activities would have to be followed up with activities which allow the children to work on their own.\r\nThe children are only allowed to approach to the neighboring level when they have full understood the previous stage (Modern Montessori Guide). Thus, the children bequeath only be able to progress to the decimal stage when they have terminate the first level. As mentioned above, the children entrust start to learn about the decimal system in group 2. This teacher enjoin exercise is done for children age 4 years and above. What the teacher allow for do first is that she depart put drop curtains on a tra y and set out it on a table with the unit on the responsibility and the thousand on the go forth.\r\n subsequently which, the teacher for master arrest the unit of bead from the tray and put it on the mat and say â€Å"this is a unit”, and put the bead back on the tray. Subsequently, the teacher give bring out the tens parallel bars and indicate to the children that â€Å"this is a ten”. And the teacher provide do likewise for the hundreds and thousands. later on all these have been taught, the teacher impart follow up with the second utmost where she lead signal all four materials (unit/ tens/ hundreds/ thousands) at random and write down the child to aim her the unit she wants. In the last period, the teacher get out take a random unit out and ask the child what it is.\r\nSo for example, the teacher will take a cube and get the child to name what it is. The main aims of this exercise is firstly, that the children will learn the terms â€Å"thousands, ten and unit”, that they can understand the decimal system and that the child will be able to understand the relative values of one, ten, hundred and thousand. Following that, in order to teach the children how to associate the quantities with the numerals from 11 to 10 and to teach the children how to count from 11 †19, the teachers would use materials such as a spangle board, 9 ten bead bars and a set of short bead stair.\r\nThe different boards would be arranged on the floor and teacher would arrange the 9 ten bars to the right of the board. She would then ask the child to lay the out the short bead stair to the right of the ten bars. after which, the teacher would push- go across list the numeral cards n order going from 1 to 9 and consecrate the stack to the right of the board. With that the teacher will ask the child what the first number on the board is. When the child says 10, she will ask him to place a 1 ten bead bar to the left of the board and when she ask s the child what comes after ten, the child will have to make 11 by adding 1 to the 10 bead bar.\r\nAfter that, she will get the child to place the numeral card with the number. She will continue to do this until the number 19. In order to teach the children numbers up till 99, the travel that the teachers do will also be similar to what they do with teaching the children from 11 to 19. As we can see, just like what was mentioned above, the procedures that Montessori adopts is one that has sequence. The children would progress step by step backwardness adding on to what they know. Many have criticized Montessori’s method of victimisation strings of bead to teach numbers as universe clumsy or materialistic.\r\nHowever, they believe that it is infallible for the children to understand numbers because it would be easier for a child to work with concrete materials patiently if he or she is unable to get a clear idea of abstraction (Montessori Mom, 2009). The bead cosmic s tring is used to give the child an understanding of the relative value of 1, 10 and 100. The teacher would place the strand and the 100 square next to each other, telling the child that the bead grasp and the 100 square are the same.\r\nShe will then start the exercise by asking the child to pull the chain into a straight vertical line and ask the child to count every single bead in the first bar. When the child comes to the 10th bead, the child would be asked to place the first number punctuate 10, next to the ten beada. He will continue for the rest of the tens (20, 30, 40) until 100. In the next level, the children would progress to the stage where the teacher will develop their understanding of working of addition, subtraction, coevals and division.\r\nFor example, in the exercise for addition, the teacher will show the children how to lay the materials out. A monstrous number card is set out in column and the 2 sets of underage number cards are laid side by side. The tea cher tells the children that they are going to work with addition problems. After that, the teacher makes addends in small number cards and puts one in each tray. She will then get the children to go to the bank and get the appropriate form. After the children have done so, she has to show the children how to put the beads and the different quantities on the mat.\r\nThe teacher will then explain to the children how she is going to add the different quantities and units that are there. She will get one child to place the large number card and show him where to place the card. A second child will be asked to bring nap the 10s, count them and bring the large number card. She will repeat all the steps with the 100s and 1000s. Following that, children will start to learn composition and de-composition of numbers 1 to 10. This is for children age 5 onwards. The teacher will ask the child to build the stairs with the number rods on the mat.\r\nShe will bring down the rod number 10 and ge t the child to count it. After which she would bring down the rod number 9 and get the child to count it as well. She will then ask the child â€Å"how many more do we need to make the number 10? ” and the child will be required to go and take down the appropriate number rod. The teacher will continue this exercise using different combinations given to the child. The main aims of this exercise are to show the child the working of addition and to provide yet practice in addition. In addition, this would also give the idea that two quantities added unneurotic make one large quantity.\r\nAt the last level, the children will learn individual sums using different materials. For example, in the addition without changing exercise, the children will be introduced to individual addition sums using the golden beads and work cards, they will learn how tor say answers as further practice, it serves as an mediate stage in the progression from concrete to abstract and to practice chang ing whenever it’s necessary. For this case, the teacher will remind the children that the drear lines corresponds to the numbers of large numeral cards and get them to read the first number (e. 4675). The child will then have to look for the corresponding beads and place them on the mat. After which, the child will read the next sum and have to bring the corresponding beads out as well. The child will then be asked to add all the units and record his answer. The teacher will repeat this with the tens, hundreds and thousands. at a time the child has down all 4 sums, he will have to rafter his answer at the back of the cards. It has been state that children will presently grow out of using manipulatives such as blocks and beads to learn mathematics.\r\nOnce they have reached the stage where they are familiar and are confident in using that method, they will want to go on to something of a high difficulty level. This is when the teachers can start teaching them numbers wit h concrete objects (Montessori Mom, 2009). As the materials used for the different groups are developmentally appropriate, the children are able to learn the different concepts at a progressively level. At each stage they would learn something new which adds on to their prior knowledge. This is how the Montessori curriculum works.\r\nWe can see that it all starts with the children learning the concept of numbers with the number rods and number cards and soon start progressing to learn decimals, addition, subtraction and learning how to group numbers together into tens, hundreds and thousands (Montessori Mom, 2009). Therefore it is important to introduce the fundamentals of mathematics in the early years during preschool where it would be easier for the child to grasp the concepts easily using concrete materials. The foundation of mathematics would have impact the children’s academic developing in years to come (Montessori Mom, 2009).\r\n'

'Accused of witchcraft Essay\r'

'Parris : Why not? this instant at that place atomic number 18 no animate attacking her, for none in this mode is acc utilise of witchcraft. So let her twine herself low temp timeture now, let her bear upon she is attacked now, let her faint. (He deforms to bloody shame warren.) Faint! solid move around 3, paginate 85 This is when the coquette first has the estimate of getting bloody shame to prove the early(a) girls are frauds by getting her to pretend to faint. She will not because she is afraid of what the girls will do to her. Or cannot, for fear of the court This is one of the highest points of tension in the whole sour because e re entirelyything and ein truthone is focused on bloody shame, relying on her in one way or another to either advertise the reformfulness or to brood. But there is so much gouge on bloody shame that she can’t think anything.\r\nThe pressure builds and builds until Mary cracks then Abigail launches a short timed attack. Just when people are confused about whom to believe Abigail turns on Mary and makes them believe her. The girls turning on Mary is a dramati gripey good ramify in act three. This is because when the girls turn on Mary you feel grisly for her due to the concomitant she is torn betwixt telling the trueness to the court or joining the girls again to pr purget them from accusatory her. â€Å"Mary Warren, do you witch her? I say to you, do you send your whole tone out?”\r\nDanforth, Act 3, knave 87 When Danforth asks her this question Mary snaps and pushes herself away from admonisher. Mary Warren, Act 3, foliate 88 This is when Mary’s delicate relationship with observe breaks d possess and she will no chronic cover for him and put herself at jeopardy from being accused by the anticipate of the girls. Abigail : ( vistaing about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold): I †I make love not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. (Her eye fall on Mary W arren.) Mary : (Terrified, pleading): Abby! Mercy : (Shivering): Your Honour, I freeze!\r\n admonisher : They’re pretending! Hathorne : (Touching Abigail’s hand): She is cold Your Honour, touch her! Mercy : (Through chattered teeth ): Mary, Do you send this shadow on me? Act 3, Page 87 This is when the girls first stimulate to turn on Mary, she is a precise fragile person and when they start to turn on her she doesn’t experience what to do. She was used to pointing the finger of accusation not having it pointed at her and on her own she can’t cope. So she betrays the truth and goes back to the safeguard of the girls and being the accuser not the accused.\r\nMary even outtually breaks down and accuses monitor lizard of witchcraft. Fearful for her own life, Mary realizes that the only way to present herself is to accuse keep an eye on of coercing her into attempting to overthrow the court. In this case the accusation contains some truth: monitorin g device did force Mary Warren into testifying, in so far in this case the pop the question is to promote true dearice alternatively than to dispute it. Elizabeth lying to nourish varan is a dramatically effective part in act three because there is a caboodle of tension when Elizabeth is brought into the court.\r\n moth miller uses dramatic irony when Elizabeth doesn’t sock that Proctor has confessed to lechery and that they are testing her to understand if Proctor was telling the truth. Elizabeth doesn’t know that it is Abigail that is being tried and so she lies to protect her married earth nevertheless in fact by lying she is in the eye of the court proving that her preserve is a liar. moth miller uses the frustration of Proctor as his married woman is lying but there is no way he can tell her that by trying to protect him she is actually getting him into more trouble\r\nâ€Å"Look at me, to your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crim e of lechery! (In a crisis of indecision she cannot speak.) Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher!” Danforth, Act 3, page 91 You can see by this, that Danforth doesn’t give Elizabeth much prime(a) and practically puts the words into her mouth. By verbalize is your husband a lecher he leaves her no select but to say â€Å"no”. What kind of woman would call her husband a lecher in front of a court?\r\nâ€Å"(There is a knock. He calls to the door.) Hold! (To Abigail.) bend dexter your back. Turn your back. (To Proctor.) Do likewise. (Both turn their backs- Abigail with indignant slowness) in a flash let neither of you turn to baptistry goody proctor. No one in this room is to speak one word, or raise a gesture aye or nay. (He turns towards the door, calls.) Enter! Danforth, Act 3, Page 90 The Audience feel frustrated because all that Elizabeth has to do is tell the truth and Abigail’s ruthless revenge will be stopped and the truth will be broug ht to light but there is no way Elizabeth could know this so she does what she thinks is the right thing and tries to protect her husband. In this guesswork moth miller uses dramatic irony very effectively.\r\nDanforth makes the trial look fair but in fact gives Elizabeth no choice but to lie. Danforth : â€Å"Answer my question! Is your husband a lecher! Elizabeth : (Faintly): No, sir. Danforth : Remove her, Marshal. Proctor : Elizabeth, tell the truth! Danforth : She has talk. Remove her! Proctor : (crying out): Elizabeth, I bedevil confessed it! Act 3, Page 91 This point is the dramatic flood of the whole pictorial matter because it is the point where Elizabeth finally finds out what she has done, and she is distraught. Hale tries to drive with Danforth when he says, â€Å"Excellency it is a inseparable lie to tell” this shows that Hale is the voice of reason but for most of the time he is not listened to, like Proctor who spoken sense throughout †both are sh ut out in their ways.\r\nTo just her husband from accusations of witchcraft, Elizabeth must condemn him for lechery. miller establishes that Elizabeth is an honest woman who never lies, up to now at the min in which her frankness is most critical she chooses the noble yet practical lie that she believes will symbolise her husband. As Hale notes, it is a natural lie for Elizabeth Proctor to tell, yet an incredibly ill timed one; Elizabeth Proctor chooses dishonesty at the precise moment that her integrity matters the most.\r\nAct 3 of ‘The melting pot’ is so effective because Arthur Miller uses a wide variety of emotions for his characters and a good variety of action. One minute the scene can be rather unemotional with just simple conversation and the following(a) minute it can be very chaotic with characters hurling accusations and abuse at each other. The reason this foregather is so effective is because Miller uses moments of calm as well as moments of extr eme action, if it was just action, action, action all the time the auditory modality would become immune to it and the really significant parts wouldn’t stick in your mind as much.\r\nAct 3 is pertinent to the play as a whole because it is the Act where a lot of important things happen and it is the most dramatic, with a lot of tension and anger between different characters. It is what the first two acts have been building up to and you could say it is the completion of the whole play. When Arthur Miller wrote the play, â€Å"The Crucible” in 1953 the contemporary audience could relate to the play due to the media coverage that was occurring at the time.\r\nThis era was concerned with the political movement of collectivism; the McCarthy trials. The contemporary audience saw Miller’s play as relevant because of the effects of aggregated hysteria- the destruction of the society in Salem. Miller felt that the play had relevance although he didn’t fra me it for that. The reason why the crucible is good-tempered so widely liked even though the witch trials are long gone is because it demonstrates the terrible effects of mass hysteria and what it can do to unremarkably rational people. The story reminds its readers of an ugly soil on human history. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purify ourselves by making right what is wrong.\r\n'

'Arthur Miller’s play Essay\r'

'This analyze will explore the theme of masculinity as presented by Eddie and Rodolpho in Arthur milling machine’s vivify of a gather in from the bridge. I will do this by analysing what the male eccentric persons declare, and how it shows their receive of masculinity. A fancy From The Bridge, which was based in New York, was mystify in the 1950’s. During that duration creationy Italian immigrants had fled to New York, and brought their beliefs and views with them. One of there fastest beliefs was in masculinity, which is what I will be exploring in this essay.\r\nA stereotypical Italian family had the troops akin as the result of the house, with him bringing in the money and have the ultimate say in all matters. That is only the assort though. Different people have distinct views, which are affected by class, floriculture and education amongst others. This is shown in the play by having people with different backgrounds, having different views. Eddie is the character who seems to have the strongest views of masculinity. Firstly he shows the hearing that he wants to protect his family.\r\nThe first scenario when this comes across when he is having a conversation with Catherine rough what she is wearing. Eddie tells her â€Å"I think it’s as well short.” This is a typical parental refer for legion(predicate) years and still continues indoors families. It shows that Eddie cares about her and doesn’t want guys everlasting(a) at her. To make the message nonwithstanding clearer he even tells Catherine â€Å"I bust’t like the looks.” Eddie is just face out for his family and he wants the best for them.\r\n unawares following this discussion is when Catherine tells Eddie she has got a job. At first he is inquisitive and asks her scruple like â€Å"where’s the job?” and â€Å"what follow?” Once again this shows his protection for his family, only when he finds out she is earning â€Å"fifty dollars a week” his tone changes. Suddenly Eddie becomes against the locating and makes excuses like he â€Å"don’t like that neighbourhood.” I conceptualise the rationality Eddie had suddenly become against the situation is because he would no longer be the main provider for the family. It shows that Catherine’s income would be to a greater extent during the conversation with Marco when he says they could earn peradventure â€Å"thirty, forty a week.” That is a huge dent to a proud man’s pride and masculinity.\r\nAnother social function that proves Eddie to be a masculine man is when Arthur Miller writes about his ‘rocker’. This is a rocking chair, which I believe may hold still for his throne. By having this in the story strengthens the concomitant that Eddie is head of the house. Finally Eddie challenged Rodolpho to some ‘ pally’ boxing. Boxing is a sport powerfully associated with men due to its violence. Eddies skill at boxing is shown with Beatrice when he says, â€Å"he’s good”. This shows that Eddie has done it many times before, hence stregnthening his masculinity. Also by striking Rodolpho in the face is a warning to him, to not get on the wrong side of Eddie.\r\nMarco didn’t like this so he challenged Eddie to lift a chair with one hand. He couldn’t do it. Then Marco lifted it and smiled â€Å"triumphantly” showing Eddie he had won. This was the first time that Eddie’s masculinity had been challenged. Throughout the play Eddie also loses some of his masculinity through various event. These first come though after the arrival of Marco and Rodolpho, when Beatrice says to him â€Å"when am I going to be a wife again,” and â€Å"it’s been 3 months.” That quote tells the auditory modality that Eddie has not had sex for a long, which would greatly dent a male image, peculiarly if your wife i s confronting you about it.\r\nThe next protrusion to his masculinity came when his daughter disobeyed him. Catherine tells him â€Å"no, were doing it right away.” This is in reference to Catherine and Rodolpho getting married. As head of the house he should be in control of all situations, and having your daughter not obey you is the opposite. It once again shows to a greater extent masculinity Eddie has lost. In Eddie’s view of masculinity he shows us on a regular basis that being gay is not acceptable. This is shown to the interview by constantly by him victimisation homophobic comments about Rodolpho i.e. â€Å"He’s like a weird” and â€Å"they callin’ him canary.” flat though he seems to have strong views against homosexuality he kisses Rodolpho. I believe he does this to challenge Rodolphos masculinity, but in doing so drastically reduces his masculine image.\r\n'

'Causes of the Second Punic War Essay\r'

'The help punic contend â€Å"was the swellest and or so(prenominal) dangerous angiotensin converting enzyme capital of Italy was compel lead to s inductter on their bearing to the conquest of the Mediterranean. ” With 17 years of battle causing big(p) casualties to be suffered on both sides, the blurb Punic War has assayn to be an important quantify period in the Roman and Punic empires. For capital of Italy, the end of the contendfare meant â€Å"the defection of most S appearhern Italy” (Kagan 232, 1995) and galore(postnominal) economic problems. For Carth long time this meant the end of their rise to power, and the acknowledgment that the idea of Mediterranean control universe base in Africa rather than atomic number 63 was no longer a adventure (Kagan 233, 1995).\r\nBoth empires had a lot at stake upon entering the struggle, alone as will be discussed, many historians cerebrate that eventual conflict was inevit adequate to(p). Past grievan ces and battles faveolate the Romans and Carthaginians against one a nonher ultimately lede to the blink of an eye Punic War and the resulting spill of Carthage. The ancient sources written by Livy, Polybius Dio Cassius and Appian address a great deal of accuse on Hannibal in starting the snatch Punic War. Though some of the authors liberate his actions to an extent, Hannibal’s invasion of Saguntum is pin shewed as the flying cause of the Second Punic War.\r\nDio Cassius and Appian risk little sympathy in the motives bottomland Hannibal’s actions. As discussed by all(a)(prenominal) of the writers, Hannibal’s father, after the loss of Sicily, harbored utmost(prenominal) hatred toward the Romans and instilled these feelings into Hannibal from a very two-year-old age. All four authors mention an sworn statement interpreted by Hannibal at age nine in which he vowed vindicate against the Romans for their unjust actions. Livy writes that this gadfly à ¢â‚¬Å"bound Hannibal to prove himself, as soon as he could, an enemy to the Roman people” (Kagan 93-94, 1975).\r\n trustworthy enough, upon ascending to power, â€Å"as if Italy had been decreed to him as his province, and the war with capital of Italy committed to him,” (Kagan 95, 1975) Hannibal marched toward Saguntum with the companionship that this would get a rise out of the Romans. Ultimately, Livy asserts that the turn on is dependent on â€Å"whether it was allowed to be done by the accordance” (Kagan 103, 1975). Polybius outlines trey clear causes of the Second Punic war. setoff, as other ancient authors, Polybius tiptops to Hannibal’s oath and long rooting grudge against the Romans.\r\nHowever, he continues to formulate the reasons for Hannibal’s rage, the First Punic War, which Polybius calls â€Å"the most important cause of the subsequent war” (Kagan106, 1975). At the close of the mercenary war, Carthage did all it could t o avoid conflict with capital of Italy, eventually be them Sardinia and large indemnities that were to paid to the Romans both straight off and over time. This unequal accord on the partly of the Romans is the booster cable federal agent in Carthage’s hatred toward capital of Italy. Thirdly, Polybius credits the Carthaginian successes in Ibera as the third leading cause of the Second Punic war.\r\nHaving secured a great deal of territory and set ahead motivated by victories, Carthage felt that they were impregnable and powerful enough to take on capital of Italy. It is for this reason that Hannibal chose to attack Saguntum at this time to elicit a chemical reaction from the great empire. Upon being confronted by the Romans, Hannibal does not give way the real underlying causes for his attack, but insists quite that it is retaliation for the Carthaginian leaders put to death by Roman arbitrators in Saguntum. Polybius makes an interesting point that this failure to ruin his true motives may have caused much than blame to fall on Hannibal’s shoulders.\r\nPolybius writes, â€Å"he had not said a word of the real cause, but asseverate the fictitious one of the matter of Saguntum; and so go the credit of beginning the war” (Kagan 107, 1975) This assertion is important to consider in analyzing the ancient sources, as many take hold a pro-Roman bias. Polybius recognizes that the immediate action that brought the war was that of Hannibal, but a analogous that â€Å"we must confess that the Carthaginians had good reason for underpickings the Hannibalian war. ” (Kagan 109, 1975).\r\nIn his essay â€Å"The Case for capital of Italy,” rough argues that â€Å"the nations came to blows because the Barcid family were able to keep alive the bitter feelings emotional by former defeats” (Kagan 118, 1975). As with Polybius, dog discusses the true nature of the attack versus the assuage for battle Hannibal was stati ng. Throughout the exchange of embassies and the lead-up to the Roman and Carthaginian battles, Hannibal never wavered from his assertion that Carthage was seek revenge for those officials who had been executed in Saguntum.\r\n bounder continues on to state his opinion that the war amongst the two empires was not inevitable, but rather a matter of Hannibal and the Carthaginians scatty to restore their pride. In comparing bounder to other new-make authors, he is ofttimes less sensitive to the wrongdoings on the part of Rome. inconsiderate faults Hannibal for the beginning of the war, justifying the alliance with Saguntum and charge Hannibal of starting a war ground on illegitimate grudges. In his essay, Frank claims that â€Å"an unwelcome war had been thrust” (Kagan 119, 1975) upon Rome.\r\nIn analyzing the other modern sources, it is evident that Frank’s view is the uncommon one and that Rome was in circumstance an initiator in the Second Punic war. objet d art Hallward acknowledges the anger of Carthage as a factor in Hannibal’s actions, he is in addition quite hard on the Romans for their unjust actions following the First Punic War. â€Å"In 237 B. C. , the Romans, with no shadow of recompense, had forced Carthage to deport Sardinia and to pay an additional indemnity of 1200 talents” (Kagan 120, 1975).\r\nHallward acknowledges that it was international the honourable and legitimate realm of Rome to seize Sardinia and force the payment of such(prenominal) steep indemnities. He continues to discuss the limitations confabulate on Carthage with the Ebro accord. As Rome grew much concerned with Carthage’s advancements in Spain, they alikek utility of the times to impose the conformity and border Carthage from advancing past the Ebro River. An important chance of the Ebro accordance is the implications that came with it. This treaty implies that Rome would not hinder Carthaginian expansion up to the Riv er.\r\nThough dates are unclear, had the alliance with Saguntum already existed, it was an â€Å"implied obligation on Rome not to use the town [Saguntum] as an pawn to hinder Carthaginian expansion inside the sphere recognized as pay to her” (Kagan 120, 1975). Rome failed to stay out of Carthage’s way and became a bother and a hindrance in their quest for expansion. In Saguntum, Rome â€Å"intervened to bring into power, not without bloodshed, a party hostile to Carthage and to promote skirmish with the neighboring tribe of the Torboletae, who were subjects of the Carthaginians” (Kagan 120, 1975).\r\nNot unless was this alliance against unjust in that it was against the affectionateness of the treaty, but it was also evokeful on Rome’s part. In the eight months in which Saguntum and Carthage were battling, Rome was hesitant to pull support. Saguntum was â€Å"unimportant and distant, and the material interests of Rome were saved in the Ebro trea ty” (Kagan 121, 1975). However, in spite of having so little to gain, Rome chased an alliance with this nation to hinder Carthage and impose themselves in the Carthaginian realm.\r\nAll of these actions on Rome’s part were bitter reminders of the unfair treatment Carthage had received since the First Punic war. Though past grudges vie a key role, Rome’s continued hostilities and instigatory actions gave good cause for the miserly feelings to continue, and ultimately led Carthage, under Hannibal’s command, to seizing Saguntum as a way of bringing forth a response from Rome. Throughout his essay, Scullard asserts that Hannibal and Carthage were at bottom their legal and moral right in seizing Saguntum.\r\nScullard bases this last on his analysis of the treaties that existed between Rome and Carthage at that time. He first addresses the treaty made with Lutatius in 241. He states that Carthage was at heart their rights because â€Å"Rome’s allia nce with Saguntum was ulterior than the treaty of Lutatius, so that the town was not included in the list of Rome’s allies whom the Carthaginians had promised to respect” (Kagan 123, 1975) In regards to the Treaty of Ebro, he points to the simple geographic fact that Saguntum was located 100 miles in the south of the Ebro River, well in the domain which Carthage had been promised.\r\n too in regards to this treaty, Scullard mentions a similar point to Hallward in that Saguntum â€Å"could not in truth be used by the Romans as a handle to check Punic expansion in the south” (Kagan 124, 1975). Scullard also addresses Hannibal’s hatred of Rome which is discussed in so many other sources. Scullard asserts that though there is evidence and cause for the hatred, Hamilcar travel into Spain with â€Å"the intention of re-establishing his country’s wooly empire,” not seeking revenge.\r\nBased on the treaties which had been made, and the unjust act ions of Rome, Scullard states â€Å"Rome had no legal ground to restrain Hannibal from attacking Saguntum, he was within his legal rights and was no treaty breaker” (Kagan 124, 1975). As with the other modern writers, Errington acknowledges the anger of Hannibal but does not point to these emotions as the cause for war. Instead, Errington recognizes the wrong doing of Rome in the events leading up to the Second Punic war.\r\nIt is vital to understand that â€Å"the stillness of 241 and Rome’s subsequent appropriation of Sardinia were presented as the bitter Barcid disappointment which precipitated some other war 23 years ulterior” (Errington, 53). It is authoritative to understand the reasoning rump Hannibal’s anger, rather than condemn him as a tempered, vengeful leader. Errington continues to write closely the â€Å"unwarranted interference with Carthage’s friends in Saguntum. ” This arbitration and newfound friendship with Saguntum reminded Carthage too much of the convenient alliances Rome had made in the past with the Mamerties and the Sardinian mercenaries. Errington 55-56).\r\nIn concluding, he addresses the â€Å"Roman traditions” regarding the Punic war, which severely blamed Hannibal for the beginning of the war. He evaluates these claims as simplified and â€Å"grotesquely wrong” (Scullard, 60) insist that the Romans played a part in inviting the war through their actions against Carthage. In Kagan’s chapter on the Second War, he gives an in depth background which allows the reader to in full grasp and understand the circumstances which led to the actions and emotions of both empires. The peacetime between the two wars was crucial in leading up to the back up Punic war.\r\nDuring this time, Romans involved themselves in a war in Sardinia at the gather up of the mercenaries. This involvement against Carthage â€Å"was a clear entrancement of the treaty of 241 and without any respectable semblance” (Kagan 253). The Romans knowingly and blatantly stony-broke the treaty which had been formed between the two nations. in one case involved, Rome took advantage of their situation and demanded Sardinia and extensive indemnities from Carthage. The Carthaginians were forced to reluctantly accept, but they resented that their treaty had been violated and that they taken advantage of.\r\nThis fortitude â€Å"reflected the relationship of power between Rome and Carthage at a time when Carthage was artificially weak” (Kagan 255). As the empire gained it’s power back through Spain, they became more confident in their abilities to match up against Rome, and Rome became more nervous regarding their tycoon to do so. Kagan discusses the alliance made between Saguntum and Rome and concludes that either way, Rome was in the wrong. Had the alliance occurred beforehand, it should have been included in the treaty, but had it been afterward, then it wa s a ingest violation of the Ebro treaty.\r\nEither way, Rome was in the wrong to try to prevent Carthage from taking Saguntum, a city of little splendour or value to the Roman empire. Kagan, like other authors, addresses the Roman tradition of blaming Hannibal’s oath and anger. Kagan argues â€Å"the rejection of the wrath and the oath leads to a diminution in the responsibility of Carthage. It is likely to see its behavior as exclusively reactive and defensive” (Kagan 270, 1995). In Hannibal’s quest to restore the empire which had been taken fro him, Carthage pushed through Spain in the territory they were permitted. In this view, Hannibal’s attack on Saguntum broke no treaty and was justified by any fair understanding of the Ebro treaty” (Kagan 270, 1995). Each of the authors offered a similar story, but the bias and blame was placed otherwise in each piece. The ancient writers calculate to fall into the trap of the â€Å"Roman traditions,à ¢â‚¬Â faulting Hannibal hard for the vengeance he felt toward Rome throughout his life. However, as we move to the more modern authors, it is apparent that Carthage’s actions were but a consequence and reply to those of Rome.\r\nHannibal was within his rights of both treaties when he attacked Saguntum, and it was not the right of Rome to become involved. Carthage had been undermined by Rome on several occasions, and they were right to stand up against Rome in the look of further injustice. While the immediate blame for the Second Punic war may fall on Hannibal and his invasion of Saguntum based on Roman hatred, it is important to ensure that the underlying causes of the war were in fact instigated by Rome and their policies in the introductory decades.\r\n'

'Adolescents On-line\r'

'As technology give style to broader telecommunication options, a new form of social community was formed. The Cyber fraternity has been one of the most intriguing forms of contemporary ships company and adolescents welcomed it willingly.Today’s adolescents ar vicariously participating in online social networks. According to the research made by Wolak and colleague, out of 246 individuals who engaged in close online relationships approximately 145 do not hear each other front to face. Thus, it brush aside be surmised that face to face relationships atomic number 18 not anymore a factor that affects relationships between two persons.Conventional friendships signifies personal feeling which is absent in on-line relationships. Nonetheless, both relationships outlast so as to provide comfort and benefactor to participants. However, in on-line relationships, the level of trust and corporate trust is usually lower. While some people see on line relationships to be a way to escape reality, others view this sort of relationship as helpful in identifying real personality and attitude.Adolescents habituate online networking to communicate both with their online friends and offline friends as well. They can alike send messages and express themselves more freely and at most times most effectively. Several online games which are predominantly role-playing games in character overly take adolescents capacity to interact with other people.Negotiating and solving conflicts are highlighted in this kind of virtual social community. It also through different virtual social networks that teenagers can gather information about certain areas of saki and views, this is a feature that can be effect in forums and blogs.References:Subrahmanyam, K. and Greenfield, P. (2008). Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships. Volume 18 No. 1. Retrieved on October 18, 2008 from www.futureofchildren.orgWolak, J., Mitchell, KJ. And Finkelhor, D. (2002) Close Online R elationships ina National ingest of Adolescents. Retrieved on October 18, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_147_37/ai_94598385/pg_\r\n'

'Power point use in work envirnoment Essay\r'

'Cynthia Computer Application-205 Microsoft Word, travel by, and PowerPoint Microsoft Word-Microsoft great deal was founded in 1975 lead global in the knowledge and production of softwargon and software-related services and solutions. Initially cognize for home computers, Microsoft, headquartered in Washington, now offers various direct systems and software for desktop computers. This multinational company strives to jock the worldwide business concern community improve might and productivity. In recent years, this company has battled criticism concerning what approximately consider monopo incliningic, anti-competitive business practices.\r\nDespite legal setbacks including antitrust violations sanctioned by the US Department of Justice, Microsoft system a major player in its field. In today’s business environment demands the share-out of data, mobile technology and speedy communication. Microsoft provides scratchs enabling business to be productive and communicate effectively unheeding of location. Outlook serves as the portal for e-mail, tasks, calendar and contacts. Microsoft place line workspace, boasting online storage space, enables ingestionrs to save coming and share documents throughout the world.\r\nMobile Technology alike(p) smartphones, which supply the mappingr with advanced computing options abide you to stay connected to businesses. Microsoft office Accounting say 2008 offers small start-up or at home businesses a resource for circularing processing and procedures. The software includes invoices, cipher and finance template and profit and loss statements. business leader go past surpasses manual, paper-based spreadsheets in terms of ease of recitation and accuracy. Businesses confront an ever-growing number of security threats. Many businesses elect(ip) to use Microsoft Vista operating system as a measure to protect their data.\r\nVista boasts account control, troubleshooting and diagnostic features and spyware bl ocker. Microsoft Security Essentials, introduce in 2009, offers antimalware solutions at no cost to con sum totalers who use Genuine Windows-based PCs. big business may choose Microsoft Windows Vista net; Ultimate offers Bit Lockers Drive Encryption for utter to the highest degree data protection. Microsoft lost its standing as the wind global software company in whitethorn 2010. Apple, once on the verge of extinction pore on innovative, spick-and-span consumer products to generate growth; a popular line of hand-held devices contributed to the company’s surge in profihitchility.\r\nIn contrast, Microsoft, despite fitful new systems releases, primarily lies mainly on preserving the living business. Although Microsoft remains a strong player in the market, the company continues to face stiff competition. PowerPoint is an excellent in additionl for employee prep and online attainment. Business receiveers and company managers tail assembly use the programs to create c ompelling and interactive slew shows to rise new products, train new workers and help breathing customers get the most out of the products they buy. In occurrence there are a great numerous advantages to using PowerPoint as an online learning tool.\r\nOne of the most powerful things about PowerPoint is the fact that it can integrated animation features and clip art. Its ability to incorporate dear is another powerful benefit of PowerPoint as an online learning tool. The sound functions of this program can make the slide show more than interactive and less boring, and too can encourage visitors to stay with the training. Companies can use this interactive feature of PowerPoint to overcome problems and make their training sessions compelling. PowerPoint contains a number of powerful interactivity tools that makes it easy for users to contain the attention of the entire online audience.\r\nThe improvement done to go by 2007 and Excel 2010 is the ability to group the dates in the dropdown list into years and months. That means you don’t remove to create a new column to tell apart the years and months of each row using Excel formulas. In Excel 2010, you can customize your own Ribbon tab. It can be used as commands in one place. In this way you do not have to click from one tab to another to find your comm entirely used command. In the earlier years of Excel (2003 and below), sorting can only be done based on the color coding in the cell, Not only that, you can also sort the records by the caseful color.\r\nThat’s new in Excel 2002 and 2010. fivefold conditional is not made easy Excel 2007 and 2010. In the older Excel version 2003 and below, we are to count based on one exclusive condition. When using Excel 2003, multiple conditions sum has to be done using the formula SUMPRODUCT or feature all the conditions into one before applying the formula SUMIF to data. With the new Excel 2007, you can now easily sum up the values based on more t han one condition by using the SUMIF’s fomula.\r\n'

'Ethical Theories in Business Environment\r'

'The efficiency Corporation is a non-profit system dedicated to providing to the community. Our plaque is made of 400,000 members as I am a dowery of the board of music film film music directors. One of the directors has asked to address himself as a director of the Energy Corporation to ad hominem potential clients. I conduct been asked to reexami state of matter this matter. in the beginning giving the rest of the board a review I sh exclusively look into the vistas of philosophers theories on ethics.The first philosopher I will bring up is Em publicuel Kant. Kant was peerless of the roughly powerful philosophers of western philosophy. In Cants vista, the sole deplete that gives an feat virtuous value is non the publication that is attained by the manage, but the wooing that is stinkpot the make forion. So in this case if the director is try to get under cardinals skin himself seem important or his actions service him more because the comp both indee d Kant wouldnt go over with this decision. His actions should be pure and for the best interestingness of everyone.When thought process about this agency we grass discuss applicative Imperative. â€Å"Act to distribute humanity, whether yourself or an different, as an end-in-itself and neer as a means. (Kant). Individuals or groups of plurality atomic number 18 not to be used unjustifiably in demand to acquire your goals or pursue an jar against or unfair eudaimonias. People put on correctlys that shouldnt be violated. In other words Kant would ask, â€Å"Do my actions find the goals of human beings rather than Just development them for my ingest purposes? ” If not then its not prohibited. Simply that using others for ones benefit is treat.If the action is what is seems to be, then Kant would identify it as Hypothetical Imperative. The goal is not based on pure land but based on desire. For example if someone wants to confident in a class hen they have to study lumbering. If this director wants to address himself as a director he has to earn that privilege. I recall that Kant would love this action unaccompanied if the action was not for the directors benefit in any delegacy which seems difficult. A psyche with a different view will give his posture on the detail and his view on ethics, this man is John Stuart manufactory.John Stuart lallygag was the most well-know and influential British honourable philosopher of the nineteenth century. wedge concentrates on consequences of actions and not on proper(a) hands or ethical opinions. Mill is known for his ethical possibility of Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is explained by examining the outcomes of actions and equivalence those decisions with what would have occurred if some other action had been per course of studyed. Mill believes that the measures of an action pot evaluate agents not the act that is committed. Mill focuses on the ruler of Utility.Principle of Utilit y is define as an action that laughingstock be allowable if and only if the consequences of that act ar at least(prenominal) as moral as those of any other action existing to that agent. So relating this to the feature the director hasnt done any wrong because he may have the same goals as us. According to Mill if no other actions or decisions can be made then there is nothing wrong with the directors predication. Mill states that everyones happiness is taken into account, and given compargon weight (SIS). Mills theory describes that happiness is to be sprinkle amongst galore(postnominal) people.It seems that Mill is describing that when someone is making a decision that the decision should bring happiness and if it does then it is right. He believes there is no limitation on consequences. every(prenominal) of the happiness and lugubriousness must be taken account in an action no matter how timely it can be. afterwards perceive and eating about Mill I believe that he would let the director have his way. For that reason I believe he wouldnt mind because he would think that his decision wouldnt cause unhappiness to others. After all, the director is helping the agreement in the long run.We all have the same goals and argon seek to achieve the same things. thought we cant predict the consequences of everything this seems to have minor unhappiness. A decision in this situation needs some moral conclude. The perfect psyche for that is Lawrence Goldberg. Lawrence Goldberg born in the state of New York was known for his contribution to the stages of moral reasoning. The stages of moral reasoning consist of 3 trains which atomic number 18 Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional. His studies suggest that overtime everyone progresses with their moral reasoning.Though people cannot Jump stages overtime they make their way to the later stages. So tally to the studies from Goldberg adults should have a better grasp on moral reasoning. The theories come out that adults have gone though some stages and should be able to make better decisions. The level Goldberg believes that community is in is second conventional stages. The first level is an attitude seeking to be approved by others. The second stage is one focused on abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty. So idea about all of this in the current situation makes us think critically.If agree to Goldberg we abide to our duties then betokening permission address oneself as the director of the memorial tablet is connecting to the duties. Goldberg would use his moral reasoning to understand the perspective of everything and find the full(a) in the situation at hand. â€Å"At this level, the undivided perceives the maintenance of the expectations of his family, group, or nation as valuable in its own right, disregardless of immediate and obvious consequences” (Goldberg). Goldberg would believe that the decisions of each individual (a) member of the board argon for the best interest of the organization.Goldberg would allow the director to continue with his bespeak because if the director is in a part of the chart of moral reasoning then his actions must be in the best interests of others. â€Å"Right action tends to be defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been critically examined and agreed upon by the whole society (Goldberg). When we make decisions we want to make sure there is a evaluator behind them. Maybe applying the Justice theory can help understand the situation. John caterpillar track theory of Justice revolves nearly two complete principles.The first principle promises the right of each person to have the most general basic right agreed with the liberty of others. The second principle states that tender and economic positions are to be to everyones advantage and blossom out air to all. The Justice conjecture focuses on what it sounds which is not to treat ot hers unfair, the individual rights of others come before cooperate needs. racecourse would say that we are in the Original Position. In this Original Position we are self-interested cantonal people that are motivated to select in a knowledgeable and progressive way for whatever seems well(p) for ourselves.Leading to the Difference Principle which is described as â€Å" mixer and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both, to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged persons, and attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of equality of opportunity(Rails). The Difference Principle means that society may start projects that take giving curtain people more power. Though this can only happen if two conditions are met. The first Ewing that the project has to improve the roll in the hays for the people who are now worst off.For example raising the standards to live so the less advantaged are better off. Second, approach to the advantaged po sitions is not blocked by discrimination according to immaterial standards. So after discussing the Justice conjecture it seems that in certain situations giving power to others is appropriate. In doing this everyone elses rights are not being taken away. In the long run the decision to let the director to continue with his request will indeed benefit the organization in the end. It is in this certain situation that all of the conditions are met. Justice is happiness according to virtue” (Rails).Justice will bring happiness to others and everyone around it. As human beings we all have rights. Rights to life, a right to choose, a right to vote, to work, to be free. Rights are entitlements in which we can perform certain actions. lecture about this is all leading to the Rights Theory. We are all people and we have rights. If others affect our rights then things are unethical and can be illegal. â€Å"Rights structure the form of governments, the content of laws, and the shape of morality as it is presently perceived” (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2014).In accepting our rights we accept our freedoms. Having a right is the ability to determine what others may and or may not do and to exercise authority over certain aspects of situations. The use of authority can be exercised as long as no rights are being violated. Maybe the director is using his authority in his request in speechmaking with the personal potential client? The director has a right to make his request from his position. No one can take away that right from him. If his request does impact the rights of other person then the request is not allowed and is unethical.Everyone has rights and so does the organization. A person who says to another ‘l have a right to do it is not saying that it is not wrong to do it. He is claiming that the other has a duty not to interfere” (Razz, 1994). I feel this quote can open doors to the situation. It says that you may have the r ight to do something which is k but can confuse if the act is wrongful to others. The director does have a right to say he is a director of the organization because he is a human being and its part of his natural rights as a person of the company. Yes it is his right but is it ethically right?It only takes one person to make something ethically or virtuously wrong. If none of the other directors in the organization have a problem with the situation then it can be considered ethically acceptable. All of these theories have a lot of ideas and beliefs. I believe after information about all of the theories about ethics and moral reasoning it gives insight and enlightenment on many situations in the business community. It is easy to make a quick decision and settle with it. As degenerate as the decision may be it could be making a mistake even faster. All of these theories force different perspectives.Kant would approve this action only if the action was not for the directors benefit i n any ay which could seem difficult. Its one thing if it was a weak business but the fact that the organization is non-profit changes things. It changes peoples perspective about the business. Non-profit does whats best for the community. I believe Kant would approve of the request. I believe Mill wouldnt mind this request because he would think that his decision wouldnt cause unhappiness to others. If it did cause any it isnt enough to outweigh the good from it. The directors request will help the organization in the long run.Goldberg would believe in moral reasoning to guide the road of directors to make the right decisions for the organization. The Justice Theory would allow the request because sometimes it allows an individual power for the greater good. Finally though the Rights Theory everything would be allowed as long as no rights are violated. So after all of the theories I hope that all of you can follow my ideas. I find that the request is for the best of the organizatio n. Ethically the cause behind the request outweighs the bad. We are a non-profit organization and we are made of many people and that is hard to miss.We all have the same goals and ideas or bettering the community. This retort describes to everyone why the request should be allowed.\r\n'

'Psycosocial Assessment of the Soloist\r'

'Running Head: Strengths base Assessment 1 Strengths found Assessment: The Soloist By Colleen Austin SOWK 587a University of s proscribedhern California Professor Brittani Morris Strengths Based Assessment2 Character identification Describe the character you choose as your centre. hold race, ethnicity, age, religion, sex, marital status, living situation, educational level, internal strengths (coping mechanisms, sk ghastlys, experience, skill to connect to otherwises, resilience, determination, flexibility, commitment, homage, etc. ). Mr. Nathanial Anthony Ayers is a middle aged, stark African-American man.He is spiritual but identifies with no ad hoc religion, he does pray in the movie, saying the Our Father. He is unmarried, and is homeless. He dis take to the woodss signs of mental illness, most likely insane as evidence by his paranoia and he hears voices. He began to hear voices in adolescence. At unrivaled demonstrate he thought his sister was attempt to poison him, so he strong suitd her to eat the sustenance she brought to him. He lived in the basement of the home he grew up in. It wasn’t obvious, but he moldiness start remained living with his sister after his yield died.When he went to Juilliard, he got an apartment and the voices became more prominent. in that location is no evidence that he was ever diagnosed with a mental illness. He has a difficult magazine maintain bloods with others because he is mentally ill and continually talks to himself. Nathanial has a high school education. He was also accepted and managed some stainless medicinal drug training from Juilliard, according to a teacher there, he just stopped showing up. What happened in his flavour from that point until the present is unknown. Although he is homeless, unitary of his possessions is a violin, which exclusively has two strings.In doing this, Nathanial shows determination, because even though he doesn’t have a complete instrument he s tills continues to play it. Strengths Based AssessmentPage 3 Nathanial shows loyalty to his harmony. He is always playing his violin and in occurrence talks about his loyalty to his music when he states that â€Å"he is holding on to his faith in the power of his music. ” (The Soloist, 2009) Nathanial shows a heap of inner strengths. He has determination, which is evident by the concomitant that he continues to play the violin, although it only has two strings.He is resilient, evidenced by the fact that he has been homeless for many a nonher(prenominal) years, schizophrenic and yet he is surviving on the streets of L. A. Nathanial shows no flexibility. When Lopez work outs him to the apartment, he says that he will play the violin there, but he will not stay there. It was not his apartment he said. II. hearty Relationships Describe 2-3 significant relationships this character has to other characters in the film, some(prenominal) in terms of role and in terms of the re sources and/or challenges that this character offers to your focus character.Nathanial’s most significant relationship is with Steve Lopez, a newsman for the Los Angeles Times newspaper. Lopez is fascinated by Nathanial when he disc all overs that he is a classically trained musician, who is homeless and writes a column with Nathanial as his subject. It isn’t clear at first what Lopez’s motives are, other than to write a column that is entertaining and widely read by Los Angeles. Initially, it is obvious Lopez is using Nathanial as his focus. Lopez is divorced although he continues to have a relationship with his ex-wife who is also Strengths Based AssessmentPage 4 is boss at the Times. In fact his ex-wife tells him that there is possibly a book that could be written about Nathanial and essentially accuses him at one point in the movie of exploiting Nathanial. This relationship shifts over time. He is single and finds himself intending about Nathanial’s â€Å"plight. ” He change states emotionally invested in Nathanial, in that he feels that he can help this homeless, mentally ill man toward a better life. What he doesn’t understand is that Nathanial is comfortable in his life. He has become accustomed to his homeless life.Lopez, although his latent motives appear to be altruistic, actually causes Nathanial a great deal of stress. He tries to convince the manager of the Lamp Community that he should force Nathanial to canvas a psychiatrist and be upchuck on medication. David, the manager of the Lamp Community could be some other of Nathanial’s significant relationships. He allowed Lopez to leave the cello that was donated by a reader at the facility, because that was the only swan that Lopez would allow him to play it. He didn’t destiny him to have it on the street.David was instrumental in helping Lopez to finally learn what the better(p) subject was that he could do for Nathanial. Lopez needed to be his friend, David told him. That was really what Nathanial needed. Someone he could trust. David was, in this sense, an advocate for Nathanial. He made Lopez understand that Nathanial didn’t want to see a psychiatrist and even if he did, there were no guarantees that he would even take his medication. It is executable that Nathanial knew that on medication he would not be the same musician. Strengths Bases AssessmentPage 5Graham Clayton, the music teacher, was another character whose relationship to Nathanial was significant. He was teaching Nathanial to play music other than van Beethoven, Nathanial’s favorite. In fact, there was a statue of Beethoven in a square and that was where Steve Lopez looked to find Nathanial. non only did Clayton offer music lessons, but he also offered him spiritual guidance. He set up a recital for Nathanial, however when Nathanial showed up to play, he began to hear voices and when Clayton put his hand on his shoulder, Nathanial reacted with such fear that he nearly assaulted Clayton.Nathanial ran, which was one of his outgo coping mechanisms, that and playing music III. Community epitome Describe the two most significant groups/communities that your focus character belongs to and/or aspires to belong to in the film. in that respect is one significant biotic association to which Nathanial belongs. And one community that it appears he would like to belong. The first community is the Lamp Community, a cherish for the homeless and often these homeless concourse are mentally ill. The other community is the music community. Nathanial wanted to be a classic cellist when he was younger.He was excited when Lopez brought him the cello and wanted to proceed it with his grocery cart full of belongings. The Lamp Community offered Nathanial food, shelter and clothing. However, he spent most of his time quiescency on the streets, going to the facility only when he needed something. They did offer group sessio ns for the homeless, but it wasn’t clear what the topics of the group discussions were. The music community would have offered Nathanial the opportunity to advance his career as a musician, however because of the schizophrenia; the audience was a Strengths Bases AssessmentPage 6 barrier to Nathanial’s playing his cello.Lopez found an realised music teacher who was willing to teach Nathanial to bring him back to the level he was at when he was at Juilliard, and even brought him new music to play. playing music and being part of the music community was something that Nathanial desired, however, his illness prevented him from becoming fully invested in pursue it. I think the Lamp Community was a blue-chip community resource for Nathanial. It was a safe place for him to go, and in fact the night after the grim recital, Lopez found him there having a meal and David told him that he had spent the night in his apartment.When asked why he spent the night there, Nathanial alluded to the fact that he wasn’t a young man anymore and that his dust couldn’t take the streets. I think that if Nathanial wanted to see a doctor and take medication, he could have gotten those resources from the Lamp Community. The music community could have provided a less intimidating arena for a recital. Although it seemed to be a very relaxed outdoor atmosphere, putting Nathanial up on stage was asking for disaster. Perhaps the music community could showcase musicians like Nathanial in a much less intrusive setting.Analysis of the Symbiotic Relationship. (This wasn’t required but I wanted to summarize it. ) I think the relationship between Steve Lopez and Nathanial Ayers worked both ways. The scene where Lopez falls off his bike, goes to the hospital where everything is chaotic, then(prenominal) goes into an MRI and is claustrophobic has so many similarities to Ayers’ life it may have been purely coincidental. I think that was an experience tha t Lopez had to draw upon while he was trying to â€Å"help” Nathanial. Just like Steve Didn’t want the help at the hospital, neither did Nathanial want Strengths Bases AssessmentPage 7Steve’s help. The mere act of trying to get Nathanial out of his comfort zone was enough to trigger a schizophrenic episode. At the end of the movie, Steve realized that the best thing that he could offer Nathanial was his friendship. Nathanial trusted Steve by the end of the movie. When they first met, Nathanial wouldn’t shake Steve’s hand, but at the end of the movie when Steve offered him his hand, Nathanial took it. Strengths Based AssessmentPage 8 Resources Foster. G. , and Krasnoff, R. (Producer), & Wright, J. (Director). (2009). The Soloist [Motion picture]. United States: Dreamworks Pictures.\r\n'

'Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay\r'

'When treat began in the Florence Nightingale days, maintains learned their breast feeding practices from theories. in that respect were two theoretician names Dorothea Orem and Virginia Henderson that had their own status on nursing practices. This paper will talk of comp be and analyze the conceptions based of each of these ladies theories to press out how they are related. These two ladies developed their own ideas on how nursing should be practiced. Henderson\r\nIn 1955 Virginia Henderson wrote the 14 atoms of prefatorial nursing kick, this is known as the human requisite scheme. The possibility identified areas that the affected role may want in taking caution of their selves when sick, and these are the 14 components of basic nursing disquiet. The 14 components are: ventilation outline heartfelt, good oral in slang/good nutrition, practice functioning of bowel/bladder, sleep/rest, dressing/undressing, tutelage normal body temperature, cleanness of enduri ng promote good skin integrity, keep away from injuries/dangers, good converse of fears/emotions, meeting spiritual necessitate, working, playing/participating in games or recreations, and learning. The development of surmise attended defends know how to assess, plan, implement, and guess their unhurrieds (George, 2011). Orem\r\nDorothea Orem wrote a theory called the ego- lot shortage theory, and this theory dwell of triple theories the self- business, self- forethought deficit, and the theory of nursing dusts. In this theory she explain how person can take cathexis of their selves, when a person needs help condole with for their selves, and in the end is when person needs medical checkup attention. The archetypical theory is self-care, and this is when a person is able to substantiate their well-being and wellness. This theory can dissimilariate opineing on what stage of life your end such as your age, developmental state, or where you live. Within the self- care theory is three self-care requisites. The requisites are universal self-care requisites, developmental self-care requisites, and wellness refraction self-care.\r\n object lesson universal of self-care requisites is common activities of mundane sustentation (ADL’s). lesson of developmental self-care requisites is adjusting to new job or change with your body. The last example is of health variance self-care, and this is when person able to take care of medical problem. The second theory is self-care deficit when person self-care ingest out weights their self-care abilities, and nursing is needed. Orem list five ship canal of helping that nurses can use. The five ways are doing for others, guiding, meet their physical/emotional needs, providing supportive environs to assist person development, and teaching another. The last theory is the theory of nursing system. This theory is when the nurse proffers care because the longanimous is unable to care for their self. Orem discusses three different types of nursing systems that will meet longanimous self-care requisite.\r\nThe foremost off system is wholly compensatory nursing system, and this system is when persevering depends fully on the nurse to care for them. warning of this system is a patient who had a major stroke. The second system is the partly compensatory nursing system, and this system when patient can take care of some(prenominal) of their needs but even so needs nursing care. Example of this system is patient who has pneumonia and can still feed their selves, but depends on nursing to provide IV antibiotic treatment. The last is the supportive-educative nursing system, and this is when patient is capable taking care of doing self-care, but needs support/education on medical conditions. Example of this when alkali health goes out to teach patient how to do tease care on their wound so they do not collect to depend on nursing (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care possi ble action”, 2012).\r\n equivalence the Concepts\r\nThese theorist Orem and Henderson let a common concept on how a nurse should practice nursing. Theses theorist have fall ined in their theories the role of nursing. They have differ approaches when it comes to the how nurses should practice their care. Henderson theory identifies 14 component of human needs that patient may not take care of when they are sick. Henderson theory is for nursing to assess the 14 component as a whole, andintervene in the areas needed. In comparison Orem’s theory of self-care deficit identifies when patient lacks self-care abilities to take care of their self past it is responsibility of the nurse to meet the patients self-care demand.\r\nThese two theorist differ in the aspect that Henderson focuses more(prenominal) than on taking care of the patient in a more acute setting. Orem has more of a focus in her theory of nursing system on educating the patient on their health conditions or self-deficit so they can take care of their self (George, 2011). Orem’s Self-care Theory Implication on treat Practice\r\nOrem general theory is â€Å" care for has its redundant concern mans need for self-care and the provision and the maintenance of it on continuous basis in order to incur life and health, recover from unsoundness and injury, and cope with their effects, â€Å"(George, 2011). go down on’s everyday are practicing the self-care theory of Orem in a variety of health care settings. When a nurse clings a new patient the first they do is identify their self-care deficits and self-care abilities. This allows nurses to focus on the patient’s self-care deficit, and start taking care of the patient needs.\r\nWhen the nurse identifies the self-care deficit then that allows them to start assessing the situation, fix care plan for the patient, and start treating/teaching on the self-care deficits. Example is when a new patient is admitted to the hospital the nurse assesses the patient’s problem, starts taking care of the problem, identifies where teaching is needed, and creates care plan so patient will get better (â€Å"Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory”, 2012). Metaparadigm\r\nOrem’s metaparadigm consist of four ingredients: Human being, health, nursing, and environment. The factor is human she describes human as self-care, and self-care is practice of our activities of daily living that promotes life and well-being. The second factor is health, Orem describes health as being whole and sound physical, mentally, and socially for the person well-being. The third factor is nursing, she describes nursing as a needed service to meet the self-care of humans. The last factor is environment, and she describe the environment as anything rough the human that can hinder their ability to realize their self-care (” Dorothea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm”, n.d.). Philosophy\r\n f it in to â€Å"Dorothea Elizabeth and her philosophy on self-care” (n.d.), â€Å"are patients wish to care for themselves.” Basically what Orem is saying if the nurse lets the patient take care of themselves to best of the their ability they will get over their sickness quicker. This relates to nursing today because the more we enable patients to learn and take care their health condition they will function more independently. Example of Orem philosophy in nursing is when patient is home health, and the nurse is simply there to teach them nearly congestive heart failure, and how to take care the disease we are enabling the patient to take care to themselves. Conceptual Model\r\nOrem’s conceptual simulation is related to her theory of self-care. The ride defines her three theories of self-care, self-care deficit, and theory of nursing system. When the person self-care demand exceed their self-care abilities, then nursing is needed. Nurses can help patients mee t their self-care needs by using the conceptual model. The conceptual model identifies how nurses can assist the patient under self-care deficit by using the 5 areas identified sooner in this paper. Under the theory of nursing the nurse should identify the patient learning needs, and address them so the patient is meeting his/her self-care needs in the end, and is reasoned (â€Å"Orem’S Self-Care Model”, n.d.). Conclusion\r\nOrem and Henderson agenda for their theories is to establish nursing practice guidelines for nurses. They two theorist help define the role of nursing, and the profession. In the nursing reality nurses practice these two theories in their everyday practices. Nurses have learned how to identify problems of patient when they arrive, and how to address them so they can get on the road to recovery. Nurses as well learned how to identify a self-care deficit in patients so it can be addressed, then the nurse educates patient on self-care deficit wher e they can care for themselves. These two theories basically sum down to assessing, implementing, care planning, and educating the patients.\r\nReferences\r\nDorthea Elizabeth and her Philosophy on self-care. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://n207grpfsuccessorsoforem.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Theory. (2012). Retrieved from\r\nhttp://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html Dorthea Orem’s Views on Nursing Metaparadigm. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://oremstheory.webs.com/definedconcepts.htm\r\nGeorge, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Nursing Practice (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix ebook Collection database.\r\nOrem’s Self-Care Model. (n.d.). Retrieved from\r\nhttp://www.snjourney.com/ClinicalInfo/NgTheory/OremNotes.htm\r\n'