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Friday, May 31, 2019

Universalizability and Philippine Supreme Court Cases :: Criminal Justice

Universalizability and Philippine lordly courtroom CasesABSTRACT The sine qua non that legal reasoning be universalizable is so unquestioned as a legal doctrine that it is practically axiomatic. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court cases have been decided in a manner that apparently dispenses with this need. I discuss these two cases in the light of the requirement. I conclude that the requirement, preferably than being diminished by the two cases, has actually maintained its axiomatic shape on the basis that the reasoning in the two cases is deficient the front either for inequality in treatment or for lack of clear guidance, and the jiffy for the failure to appear impartial. The requirement that judicial reasoning be universalizable, that the justifying reasons for a decision are to be articulated or at least essential be capable of being articulated in the form of a universal norm under which the facts of the case are to be subsumed so as to entail logically the decision , (1) is an acknowledged formal legal principle necessary to any sound theory of adjudication. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court Decisions, Alonzo v. IAC (2) and Marcos v. Manglapus, (3) challenged the truly indispensability of such a requirement. This paper will discuss the fundamental interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, by determining whether the requirement is indeed seriously challenged by the two cases and, conversely, by assessing and analyzing these two cases in terms of the requirement.These two decisions resolved the issues in the two cases by creating exceptions for the unique lot attendant to the cases, thus apparently dispensing with the requirement. In particular, the Alonzo case heldIn fact, and this should be clearly stressed, we ourselves are not abandoning the Cojenero and Buttle doctrines. What we are doing is adopting an exception to the general rule, in judgment of the particular mint of the c ase. (4) In the Marcos case, reference was made to the special circumstances involving President Marcos thusThis case is unique. It should not create a precedent, for the case of a dictator forced out of office and into exile after causation twenty years of political, economic and social havoc in the country and at bottom the short space of three years seeks to return, is in a illuminate by itself. (5)In discussing the interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, the paper will first briefly explain the rationale substructure the requirement.Universalizability and Philippine Supreme Court Cases Criminal JusticeUniversalizability and Philippine Supreme Court CasesABSTRACT The requirement that legal reasoning be universalizable is so unquestioned as a legal doctrine that it is practically axiomatic. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court cases have been decided in a manner that apparently dispenses with this requirement. I dis cuss these two cases in the light of the requirement. I conclude that the requirement, rather than being diminished by the two cases, has actually maintained its axiomatic status on the basis that the reasoning in the two cases is deficient the first either for inequality in treatment or for lack of clear guidance, and the second for the failure to appear impartial. The requirement that judicial reasoning be universalizable, that the justifying reasons for a decision are to be articulated or at least must be capable of being articulated in the form of a universal norm under which the facts of the case are to be subsumed so as to entail logically the decision, (1) is an acknowledged formal legal principle indispensable to any sound theory of adjudication. Recently, two Philippine Supreme Court Decisions, Alonzo v. IAC (2) and Marcos v. Manglapus, (3) challenged the very indispensability of such a requirement. This paper will discuss the interaction between and effects of these two de cisions on the requirement of universalizability, by determining whether the requirement is indeed seriously challenged by the two cases and, conversely, by assessing and analyzing these two cases in terms of the requirement.These two decisions resolved the issues in the two cases by creating exceptions for the unique circumstances attendant to the cases, thus apparently dispensing with the requirement. In particular, the Alonzo case heldIn fact, and this should be clearly stressed, we ourselves are not abandoning the Cojenero and Buttle doctrines. What we are doing is adopting an exception to the general rule, in view of the particular circumstances of the case. (4) In the Marcos case, reference was made to the special circumstances involving President Marcos thusThis case is unique. It should not create a precedent, for the case of a dictator forced out of office and into exile after causing twenty years of political, economic and social havoc in the country and within the short s pace of three years seeks to return, is in a class by itself. (5)In discussing the interaction between and effects of these two decisions on the requirement of universalizability, the paper will first briefly explain the rationale behind the requirement.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Germany and its Economy Essay -- Economics

Germany and its EconomyKnown as the fair capital, Germany lies in the center of Europe andin the center of the European home market. Approximately two tercets ofthe top international fairs take place in Germany. Germany issuccessful. A leader in world trade, Germany is the third largest economy in the world and the biggest market in Europe. It wasntalways this way though European power struggles wounded the countryin two crushing World Wars in the first half of the twentieth centuryand left the country dominated by the victorious Allied powers of theUS, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945.Germany has been through all of the phases of the business cycle manytimes. It even suffered immense depression after World War One in theearly 20th century. The Treaty of Versailles dug a deep hole inGermanys economy because the Allies had gotten a little greedy withtheir revenge. Payments made by Germany to the Allies be adrain of capital that would have otherwise been directed toward theg rowth of German industry. In order to pay its debts for World War I,Germany engaged in a huge hyperinflation of its currency, printingpaper marks until, in 1923, when they became worthless. Thedestruction of the currency wiped out the peoples savings, whichmeant that there would be very little capital on tap(predicate) within theGerman economy for years to come. With Adolf Hitler rising to power in1933, the German economy became increasingly socialized andmilitarized, passing through recovery to prosperity, which frightenedtheir foreign investors and made a healthy economic recoverynonexistent.Germany is referred to as a social market economy and remains a key ingredient of Europes economic, polit... ...Germany is doing well other than a fewscarcities. Because they are the third leading economy in the world,they rank up there with the U.S.and France. Germany has a fewshortages in labor and energy, but overall they succeed in exports andGDP growth. Germany is an economy not much d ifferent than our own.Besides both being defined as market economies, Germany and the U.S.also share the same periods of business cycle changes. They bothexperienced the Great Depression in the 1920s and 30s and are evenwitnessing a receding now. I would agree that an economy is just likea business. An economy goes through the same downfalls and good timesjust like a business, an economy experiences depressions, recessions,recoveries and prosperities and the goal of an economy is to have asurplus of money while supplying its citizens with needed goods andservices.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Chartists and Chartism Essay -- European Europe History

Chartists and ChartismChartism was the name of a variety of protest movements in England during the 1830s and 40s, which aimed to bring approximately change in social and economic conditions through political reform. Its name comes from the Peoples Charter, a six-point petition presented to the House of Commons with the hope of having it make law. The six point included annual parliaments, universal manhood suffrage, abolition of the property qualification for members of the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of Parliament. This was the first separate working- divide movement in the world, that is, not simply sporadic uprisings or agitation, and arose after the Reform Bill of 1832 had failed. Working men had agitated for this bill and its bereavement left them still without the sought-for right to manhood suffrage. The Factory Act of 1832 had reduced working hours for children, but not for adults. The New Poor Law of 1834 cause d resentment among workers by building workers housing in factory districts, where living conditions were bad. By 1837 50,000 were out of work in Manchester alone, owing to overproduction, loss of trade, and the shutting-down of many mills. Throughout the country, from 1839-1851 widespread opinion was due to a combination of jobs lost, bad harvests, and high food prices. There were organized groups in London and Birmingham, but a national organization was divine by Feargus OConnor, who edited a Chartist paper, The Northern Star, and was a rabble-rousing speaker. The Chartists method was to circulate their petition throughout the country and gather signatures which were to be presented to the House of Commons at a giant convention in... ...nating the worst working conditions were gradually enacted into law. Victorian England was to struggle with labor-management problems throughout the century. Gradually the working class would come to recognize its need for centralized organizati on and would gain support from radical middle-class intellectuals and writers, notably Henry Mayhew, who during the years 1849-51 investigated living and working conditions in London and published a series of violently-debated letters in the Morning Chronicle. It would appear that the efforts of the Chartists, while not immediately successful, served as valuable experience for a future labor movement, as well as awakening the consciences of individuals and groups outside the working class. SourcesSally Mitchell, ed. Victorian Britain Chartism, Riots and Demonstrations, Strikes. New York, Garland, 1988.

Choosing Sides in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Lone Star Essay

Choosing Sides in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Lone supporter   A major theme in multicultural literature is the search for identity by those of more than one culture. In most cases, one of these cultures is recognized as being more advantaged and powerful than the other. In John Sayless Lone Star and Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, bicultural characters negatively stereotype members of their own inferior or less advantaged background in order to identify themselves with their more powerful culture. The artists ultimately illustrate, however, that choosing sides is an unnatural option and that mixed heritages can have their own advantages.   throng of more than one culture often have trouble fitting into either as Pat Mora suggests in her poem Sonrisas, they live in a doorway / between two roomsMora. For example, in Lone Star, Mercedes, who was born in Mexico plainly resides in Texas, lives up to Moras description of a legal stranger-- someone who is seen as an American to Mexicans / A Mexican to AmericansMora. Sheriff Buddys refusal to publicly acknowledge or inform his son of his affair with Mercedes shows that she does not totally belong to American culture. Mercedes in any case has trouble fitting in with the Mexican community. Her employees lack of respect for her indicates her alienation. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Mrs. Turner, who is also of mixed heritage, fits in with neither African-Americans nor whites. She laments that although she has white folks features in her face...she is still lumped in wid all de rest of the African-AmericansHurston, p.211 by Whites, with whom she tries to be identified. On the other hand, she is also not usete... ...ation if they learn to incorporate both cultures into their personalities. Like Dorothys ruby slippers in The Wizard of Oz, Mercedess restaurant serves as an example of a perfect solution that was always right in front of her face. The restaura nt, which employs an American work ethic but serves Mexican food, becomes a metaphor of her newfound cultural harmony. Sayles suggests that she will have better relationships with her daughter and grandson as a reward for her recently expanded perceptions. Mrs. Turner, on the other hand, never consciously accepts her situation and therefore receives no such reward. On the contrary, she is ostracized by both white and African-American communities. The contrast between Mercedess heartiness and Mrs. Turners stasis in this respect proves Otis Paynes assertion in Lone Star that blood is what you make of it.  

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Regionalism Essay -- Population, Suburbs

Our cities are not what they used to be. Over the corse of fifty years the once proud, strong, and practicable hubs of American economic prowess are but a shell of what they were built for. The problems that umpteen cities have are no longer con cloggyd to their city limits and the sidetrack that was created over that fifty year period is now threatening to enter the suburban spaces that were created when the citys citizens left. The metro digress is starting to loose its attractiveness and unless there is more acknowledgment of the problems creeping out of these cities, the same declining trends will create unoccupied commercial and residential districts not unlike the downtowns of many American cities. Without careful discussion about these trends and our communities embracement of a more regional approach, then there will be more problems in less dense suburban areas, making those problems hard to correct. In order to prevent the spread of this urban blight and avoid low occup ancy rates, communities must appliance regional tax policies, plan for more effective use of space, and encourage smart growth.Regionalism is the act of looking at a populated area not as individual localities or municipalities, but as something great. Instead of approaching our revitalization efforts to one area, the problems should be addressed regionally. This has been an ongoing topic of debate since the suburban sprawl that created communities outside of our cities first started. In fact, it has been somewhat over shadowed by the rising popularity of city revitalization efforts through public private efforts of development. City rebirth is only a small piece of what regionalism is about. Charles Clark, writer of the CQ Researcher article Revitalizing ... ...he city have grown far larger than anyone would have imagined. It is not just an urban area that has its own concentrated problems, those problems are now directly involved with its suburban parters. The sooner this is realized, the sooner Americans can grow to work to grow their areas smartly and soundly. The sooner communities share the revenue that is generated through non resident communal traffic, the sooner they can directly take stake in the all their regions can create and offer. The sooner that space is used effectively within their existing boundaries, the sooner communities can function as a greater neighborhood. As the cities continue to rise, so too will they continue to expand. The only way to make this function work for the good of all who share its amenities, is to implement regionalism into our governing policies.

Regionalism Essay -- Population, Suburbs

Our cities are not what they used to be. Over the corse of fifty years the once proud, strong, and viable hubs of American economic prowess are but a shell of what they were built for. The problems that many cities have are no longer condensed to their city limits and the sprawl that was created everywhere that fifty year period is now threatening to enter the suburban spaces that were created when the citys citizens left. The metro sprawl is starting to loose its attractor and unless there is more acknowledgment of the problems creeping out of these cities, the same declining trends will create unoccupied commercial and residential districts not unlike the downtowns of many American cities. Without careful discussion about these trends and our communities embracement of a more regional approach, then there will be more problems in less dense suburban areas, making those problems hard to correct. In order to prevent the spread of this urban blight and avoid low occupancy rates, com munities must implement regional revenue policies, plan for more effective use of space, and encourage smart growth.Regionalism is the act of looking at a populated area not as undivided localities or municipalities, but as something greater. Instead of approaching our revitalization efforts to one area, the problems should be addressed region every(prenominal)y. This has been an ongoing topic of debate since the suburban sprawl that created communities outback(a) of our cities first started. In fact, it has been somewhat over shadowed by the rising popularity of city revitalization efforts through public private efforts of development. City renaissance is moreover a small piece of what regionalism is about. Charles Clark, writer of the CQ Researcher article Revitalizing ... ...he city have grown far larger than anyone would have imagined. It is not moreover an urban area that has its own concentrated problems, those problems are now directly involved with its suburban parter s. The sooner this is realized, the sooner Americans can get to escape to grow their areas smartly and soundly. The sooner communities share the revenue that is generated through non resident communal traffic, the sooner they can directly take stake in the all their regions can create and offer. The sooner that space is used effectively within their existing boundaries, the sooner communities can function as a greater neighborhood. As the cities continue to rise, so too will they continue to expand. The only way to make this function work for the good of all who share its amenities, is to implement regionalism into our politics policies.

Monday, May 27, 2019

The ship of dreams

As the clock struck 7. 00 we could hear the faint sound of the ships horn, dinner had been announced. Anna, Gretchen and I got alineed in our eveningwear, touched up our make up and headed pull down to the dining room. I remember very clearly what I was wearing that night. A pale blue sleeveless(prenominal) dress made out of very heavy material with embroided roses around the hemline. I was also wearing a matching shawl and pale blue shoes. I love this particular dress as William bought it for me the very same week he passed away. As we walked down the grand wooden staircase, the smell of dinner was divine.We were escorted to a control board next to a window where already a couple were seated. I looked out on the horizon and axiom nothing alone the great Atlantic Ocean. The dining room was magnificent. The crisp cream tablecloth draped over the wooden tables matched the napkins folded into swans, which matched the curtain ties. The string quartet played lively music in the land mark of the room. All the waiters looked extremely smart with gelled back hair and matching tuxedos. The chandeliers overhead caught the sunlight and reflected all the colors of the rainbow and everybody and everything looked so beautiful.The couple opposite were ostensibly on their honeymoon. Everybody on board, on course recognized the young brides, we had watched them laughing and promenading with their husbands. We offered our congratulations to the couple and they very happily accepted them. The bride asked why we were travelling on the titanic so Gretchen explained how we had gone over to visit her husband, George in England as he was doing some business over in that respect. It turned out that Marys brother was working on the same film as George so that was a talking point. We chatted merrily all the way through dinner.Mary and James were a very pleasant couple and Gretchen was certainly glad of some company of her own age to talk to. After a very enjoyable dinner Anna, Gr etchen and I took a stroll around the decks watching the sunset. Little were we to know that was the last sunlight we would try out whilst aboard the Titanic. Anna and Gretchen wanted to join in with the evening dance entirely I didnt feel up to it so said I would meet them back at the cabin. When walking back along the promenade deck, the air was pivotal cold. This change in temperature had that occurred with in the last hour.I had suddenly come down with a headache so when I returned to the cabin I changed into my nightwear. The doctor said it was best if I got an early night so I went to bed. I woke up at 11. 30pm and both Anna and Gretchen were in their bedrooms. My headache had disappeared and I wasnt tired anymore after my nap so I decided to read my book. Just as I was slowly drifting away, I was sharp awakened by this terrible shudder. My fists were tightly holding on to my bedpost and the shaking lasted approximately 1 minute. It gave me the impression that a blow on th e side had go the entire vessel laterally to a considerable angle.My instincts told me that we had hit an iceberg, there was no other explanation. Wearing only my nightwear and slippers, I went through the companionway, but to my surprise, found no one seriously considering the shock. Men in evening clothes stood about chatting and laughing, and when an officer hurried by I asked, What is the trouble? he replied nervously um, something wrong, something is wrong with the propeller, nothing serious, dont worry madam. He didnt sound very convincing so I asked two other officers but was tranquillise that everything was fine.A little while later, still feeling nervous, I went to the promenade deck and there saw a great mass of ice wet to the starboard rail. When returning to my cabin again, I met with my day steward and it was he who finally informed me that the Titanic was in riskiness and I was to report to the sauce ride deck with a lifebelt. I rushed back to my stateroom where A nna and Gretchen were getting dressed as both had been awakened by the impact of the jar. I told them we were in danger so we all got dressed, put on our fur coats and headed to the boat deck. Up on deck everything seemed quiet and orderly.The thing that scared me most was that there was no sense of fear or panic. I knew in the bottom of my heart that the Titanic had received its death wound yet no one else had the slightest realization. there was an order issued that all women and children should congregate on the port side of the vessel. I supposed all the women were congregated on the port side as it would naturally be the highest side, therefore the safest as it would be last to go down. At this point there were only upper class people on the decks so obviously the steerage had been told not to come up yet.They started to lower the lifeboats after a lapse of some minutes. It was a drop of fifty feet to the surface of the sea and obviously everybody considered that they were sa fer on the unsinkable Titanic than in a small boat whose only propelling power was four oars. It was for that reason alone why the first boats were only half filled. I believe there were 20 life boats lowered away altogether. It was after the fifth or sixth boat was lowered and there was a definite slope to the ship that people understood that they were no longer safe and began to panic.When the steerage passengers came up many an(prenominal) of them had knifes and revolvers and were stabbing left and correctly in an endeavour to reach a boat. This brought a lot of fright and terror to the atmosphere. As we were waiting to get into a boat I saw across the other side a steerage passenger organism shot as he tried to jump onto a boat. The crowd fierce silent with shock and his body was tossed over board. That is an image I could never forget. Anna, Gretchen and I were helped aboard the seventh boat to be lowered, which turned out to be lifeboat 10. There was some problem lowering i t so we sat there for a while.We then saw Mary and James, the couple we had eaten dinner with only hours agone when everything seemed fine. We summoned Mary to join us in the boat. She refused in a very determined manner to leave her husband, although she was twice entreated to get into the boat. James declined with great essence to get in the boat while there were still women on the decks. Owing to the angle of the sinking ship, another boat was being lowered some directly above us. If it had not been for our yells and shrieks, both boats would have fallen into the water, but our cries saved us from the catastrophe.When we got out on the water I was so devil with the amount of crewmen on the boat. We realized that they only claimed they could row for the purpose of saving themselves, in the end my niece had to take an oar. When we were only a few metres away I could see for myself the severity of the collision as the bottom half and the front of the ship was completely covered b y the Atlantic Ocean. In a boat alongside of ours, a sailor lighted a cigarette and flung the match carelessly among the women in our boat. We screamed in protest to which he replied, Ah, were all going to smash anyway, we might as well be cremated now as then.We were all so shocked by this attitude. When we were rowing away the front of the ship was being dragged under the water leaving the back deck well over 400 feet above the surface of the sea. At this point the ship was nearly vertical. I cannot imagine what it must have been like for those passengers left hanging at the top, seeing the world at right angles and watching objects like tables and chairs flying down the deck. From the upper rails I could see husbands and fathers waving and throwing kisses to their loved ones.I started crying when I saw people jumping off from the top. It is terrible things to see when people choose to jump such a deadly drop, as they have no other option except drown to death. We were a gnarl a way from the Titanic when there was great explosion. It had appeared to me as if the boilers had blown up and the Titanic had been lifted in amidships and broken in half. It was then that the ships lights pare out and we could no longer clearly see what happened. Only one of all the boats set adrift from our side had a lantern.We had to follow that boat as did many other boats and if it wasnt for that solitary lantern, possibly many of the other boats might have drifted away and gone down. The most terrible part of the whole jazz was the awful crying after the ship went. Our boat was silent with shock, as it seemed to last for ages. The temperature that night could only have been a couple degrees over freeze so we all cuddled together for extra warmth. I felt so scared sat in that boat, sat in the middle of the ocean in the pitch black not knowing if I went to sleep if I would ever wake up again.We sat there for hours not moving proverb the occasionally sentence between us. It i s strange how I felt we had really bonded as a group and become quite close even though we didnt really talk. I think it is because even without telling each other we knew exactly how everybody else was feeling. As the sun was rising, the sight of the Carpathia in the distance brought such lull to the group. As we drew closer I could hear moans of disappointed wives waiting for their husbands to arrive. When we were welcomed aboard too much cannot be said for the pleasingness shown by the Carpathia passengers.They gave up their staterooms for us and let us borrow their clothes. In fact I left the ship wearing garments owned by a very kind middle-aged women, Catherine who was married and had 3 children. I am sad to say though, that although we never gave up hope waiting for Mary and James they never arrived and we never saw them again. I later found out that both went down with the ship. Six months have passed since that terrible night and it has deeply affected me. So many innocen t lives were lost that night and for what, so we could make a good time crossing the Ocean.Everybody put so much hope and belief in that wretched ship, as it was said to be unsinkable. What I dont understand though is why they only put enough lifeboats on the ship to save less than half the amount of people. I dont trust anything that is published in the media nowadays and I am certainly not going to be leaving my res publica again. The Titanic was renamed the Ship of Dreams by many of the papers, and many believed it was when first stepping on. It is that name that hurts the most as the truth is that the Titanic destroyed so many of those dreams.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Rogarian Arguments

Quiz Chapter 2 Name U number 1. The dramatic recovery of Russian Economy in recent days dissolve be attributed to a. record macrocosm prices for oil and gas b. the succession of Vladimir Putin as president c. Putin slashed subsidies to state-owned enterprises d. the price increases for imports due to rubles devaluation e. completely of the supra can be attributed 2. According to author William Greider, executives and commercializeers must take into account the following new realities in the global economic situation a. production has plump uncoupled from employment b. he world economy dominates the scene c. the struggle between capitalism and socialism is over d. the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers e. all of the above 3. The rampant corruption and bribery witnessed in a nations economy is referred to as a. re-nationalization b. managed democracy c. Kleptocracy d. autocracy e. None of the above 4. ace of the distinguishing features of Central ly Planned Capitalism economic system is a. all production resources are clandestinely owned b. the state has broad powers to serve the public affair as it sees fit c. ommand resource allocation is utilized extensively in private resource ownership environs d. market allocation policies are permitted inwardly and environment of state ownership e. none of the above 5. The Swedish government has significant holdings in key business sectors and has hybrid economic system that mix a. market capitalism and centrally plotted socialism b. centrally planned socialism and market socialism c. centrally planned socialism and capitalism d. market socialism and market capitalism e. market capitalism and socialistic capitalism 6.Which type of economic system is characterized by command resource allocation and private resource ownership a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 7. Which type of economic syste m is characterized by market resource allocation and state resource ownership a. market capitalism b. centrally-planned capitalism c. market socialism d. centrally-planned socialism e. None of the above 8. China preponderantly follows an economic system that can be classified under a. centrally planned socialism b. market socialism . market capitalism d. centrally planned capitalism e. socialistic capitalism 9. Which of the following is true about economic output in China today a. the state sector accounts for about 75 part of output b. the state and private sectors each account for about 50 percent of output c. the private sector accounts for about 75 percent of output d. the private sector is virtually nonexistent in China e. the state sector is virtually nonexistent in China 10. The Washington, DC-based Heritage founding compiles a survey of over 150 countries ranked by degree of economic freedom.Although in that respect are a number of key economic variables which are conside red in this ranking it does not include a. monetary policy b. banking policy c. black market d. property rights e. none of the above 11. Singapore banned the import, manufacture, and sales of chewing gum in the commonwealth since wads of gum were making a mess on sidewalks, buses, and subway trains. Violators are subject to severe penalties and sooner buying a pack consumers must register their names and addresses. This according to author William Greider demonstrates that Singapores government a. is harshly autocratic . administers a paranoiac control over Singaporeans c. administers a paranoid control over press and politics d. runs an effective welfare state e. all of the above 12. The general characteristics shared by low-income countries does not include a. high birth rates b. low literacy rates c. concentration in Africa south of the Sahara d. heavy reliance on outside aid e. low tourist income 13. Which of the following BRIC nations fall in the lower-middle-income categ ory? a. India and China b. China and Brazil c. Brazil and Russia d. Russia and India e. none of the above 14.Pursuing alternative sources of energy, much(prenominal) as wind and solar power is important due to the fact that a. people in developing countries are more conscious about environment b. global marketers are more interested in publicizing environmental issues c. it is easy to develop solar power in many parts of the world d. heavy reliance on fossil fuels contributes to global warming e. people worldwide can afford to buy power generated from wind and solar 15. crossway and market opportunities in a postindustrial society are more heavily dependent upon new products and innovations than in industrial societies. An example of this would be . clutch marketing Bono brand cookies in Brazil b. Coca-cola company developing a beverage Vintago in low-income countries c. New e-commerce markets for interactive forms of electronic communication d. Hermes creating handbags called Am azonia e. Indias Suzlon qualification using wind driven turbines 16. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is comprised of a. the 30 high-income countries b. countries that believe in market-allocation economic systems c. pluralistic democracies d. countries that demonstrate progress toward economic clean up e. all of the above statements are applicable 7. The fastest-growing sector of world trade includes a. travel and entertainment b. accounting and legal serve c. royalties and license fees d. engineering services e. all of the above 18. Between the year 2001 and 2006, China bought more than $ 250 billion in U. S. Treasury bonds. Such purchases a. ensures that Chinas currency is relatively worn down compared to the U. S. dollar b. indicate that China is not sure of its economic viability c. show that currency exchange rate is unpredictable d. predict that yuan will be devalued in the near future e. Chinas currency is stronger than the U. S. dollar 9. To the extent that a country sells more goods and services abroad than it buys, there will be a. a greater demand for its currency b. a surplus production of goods and services c. a scarcity of goods and services within the country d. a need for revaluation of its currency e. time for fluctuating its currency 20. The Big Mac Index dated February 01, 2007 shows that the price of Big Mac in China was 11 yuan whereas its price in the United States was $ 3. 22. The index translated into yuan being undervalued by 56%. This shows that a. Big Mac is more high-ticket(prenominal) in the United States than in China b.Big Mac is less expensive in the United States than in China c. Big Mac costs the said(prenominal) in the United States and China d. Big Mac is less public in China than in the United States e. Big Mac is more popular in China than in the United States Essay Question The newly independent countries of the former Soviet Union present an interesting situation on one hand the in come is declining creating considerable economic hardship whereas there are attractive opportunities with good potential from moving out of the low-income category. What are some of the problems and opportunities for these countries?

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Impact of Human Activities on Natural Hazards Essay

Natural hazards be naturally occurring phenomena that have disastrous impact on humanity. These phenomena had been in existence even before the approach of humanity. The hazardous dimension of these natural phenomena are in the context of the impact that such a phenomenon would have on human population in the demesne affected by that phenomenon. In this essay, the solution that human activity has on these natural hazards would be analyzed. Some human activities may be exacerbating the factors that provoke the natural hazard, like the impact of excessive and unplanned logging on floods and droughts.In certain other cases the human activities may cause subsequent or supplementary hazards to a primary hazard event, like building dams in earthquake prone zones may lead to flash floods and landslides in the event of a rupture. A hazard post be defined as an event that has the potential to cause harm. This potential may be on account of its unthought timing of occurrence or the actua l intensity of the event itself. Human societies can withstand these events within a normal scale of occurrence.However, human societies nonplus vulnerable when these events occur unexpectedly or are of an intensity or duration that falls beyond that normal scale (OHare and Rivas, 2005). Natural hazards can be broadly classified under the heads of geological, hydrological, climatic and diseases. This essay would limit its scope to analyzing causal relationships, if any, of human activities on landslides, floods and drought and the secondary hazards triggered by those activities in the event of an earthquake.Of all human activities that have a direct or indirect impact on natural hazards, deforestation is by far the more or less significant. Deforestation is the removal or destruction of forest cover of an area. It may occur out-of-pocket to unscientific logging practices without regeneration and may be tended to(p) by subsequent conversion to non-forest usage like agriculture, pasture, urban, mining or industrial development, fallow or wetland. At a very broad level, it has been argued that deforestation is a major cause of global climatic changes.It has been predicted that removal of forest cover will lead to violent and unpredictable environmental fluctuations. At a smaller landscape, deforestation has a direct bearing upon the climatic, hydrological, edaphic and biological aspects of that area. Deforestation is associated with higher levels of soil erosion and landslides, sedimentation in river beds and changes in fluvial syllable structure (Haigh, 1984). Quite a few of these loadings of deforestation have a direct bearing on the natural hazards that will be covered in this essay.One of the major functions of a forest is to maintain the humidity level in the atmosphere. Trees withdraw groundwater finished their roots and transpire the excess water through their leaves. Forests return a major part of the rainfall received by them through evapotranspi ration. Annual evapotranspiration in tropical moist lowland forests ranges up to 1500 mm per year, with transpiration accounting for a maximum of 1045 mm per year (Bruijnzeel, 1990). This process of evapotranspiration in the leaves of trees takes the latent heat of evaporation from the surrounding atmosphere.Thus evapotranspiration has a cooling effect on the atmosphere that aids precipitation. Deforestation denies the atmosphere of this cooling effect and is thus a contributing factor to lowering of annual rainfall in an area. Further, the effects of deforestation generally compound the severity of drought. Lack of trees translates to the lack of root fibers that hold the surface soil. In the event of a drought, the topsoil flakes and gets blown by the wind, leading to unforgiving dust storms. This phenomenon had devastated the American Great Plains for close to a decade in 1930s.The dust bowl covered farming areas in Colorado, Kansas, conglutination west Oklahoma, north Texas an d north east New Mexico. The fertile soil of the plains was exposed due to lack of vegetation cover and actions of the plow. These farming techniques that led to severe soil erosion, coupled with prolonged periods of extremely low rainfall, led to a series of severe dust storms that ranged up to the Atlantic coast. Much of the fertile topsoil was lost in the Atlantic (Cartensen et al. , 1999).Direct causal relationship between human activity and drought is yet to be conclusively established. However, there are studies available that point to a positive correlation between the two. For example, climate-modeling studies have indicated that the 20th century Sahel drought was caused by changing sea surface temperatures. These changes were due to a combination of natural variability and human induced atmospheric changes. The anthropogenic factors in this case were rise in greenhouse gas levels and aerosols (GFDL climate Modeling Research Highlights, 2007).The effect of human activities like deforestation is rather more direct and pronounced in case of hydrological hazards like fluvial floods. fluvial floods occur when the discharge of a river exceeds its bankfull capacity. Forests create deep, open textured soils that can hold large quantities of water. When the forest cover is removed through logging, the soil becomes compacted. more than rainwater is converted to runoff or near surface flow and less proportion percolates as groundwater. Research has shown significant increase in periodical runoff following logging activities (Rahim and Harding, 1993).The runoff rainwater carries with it considerable amounts of loose soil particles. Removal of vegetation cover through excessive logging activities or overgrazing leaves the soil bare. In such a situation, the upper layer of the soils becomes susceptible to erosion by surface runoff. These suspended soil particles are deposited on the riverbeds. The effect of this type of soil erosion by surface runoff is even mor e pronounced when the deforestation happens in the riparian zones as well.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Grendel, the Outsider

To be an outsider is to be someone who does not belong to the general population of society. Someone who does not follow the same principles, morals, or ideals as the majority. Whether by choice, or by being forced out of the inner circle, anyone could potentially become an outsider to society. Grendel is by far the best example of an outsider in John Garders novel, Grendel. His views on action, birth with humans, and relationship with his mother easily sets him a offset from the rest of the characters in the novel. end-to-end the novel, Grendel talks about his own view of life and what it means, and although everyones views of life are different, Grendels was far different from the majority of the realness at the time. Grendels own view of life is that there is no real purpose of life, which separated him from everyone else. He never tried to find his purpose in life, so all he ever did was wander the world and observe life, and the way humans and animals interacted with eachoth er.In a way, Grendel made himself an outsider. He would not allow himself to be associated with humans, so his views are around polar opposites of theirs, which in turn, made him an outsider. Not only did Gendels views of life pull out him an outsider, but the relationship he had with humans was a major part of him being separated from the majority of society. The humans thought that Grendel was a monster, so when he would come to the villages, they would all start attacking him, and attempt to drive him out.This would ostensibly make him an outsider, because none of the humans wanted to be around him, so he was forced to be on his own. However, after a while, Grendel began to hate the humans. He would go into Herot and kill people because he hated them so much. This widened the social gap between the humans and Gredel, making him even more so of an outsider. Grendels relationship with his mother is also a major factor in Grendel separation from society.While Grendel is an intell igent being, who is capable of speech, his mother has never been able to speak. This is a cardinal factor in the development of Grendel. He was never taught the way others would have been taught. Instead of learning speach from his mother, he learned from hearing the humans talk, and slowly began to cull up on the language. He taught himself how to do most of the things that he does now, which makes him stand out from the crowd.Also, it is hard for him an his mother to communicate well with eachother, which could potentially make Grendel even more of an outsider, because of the lack of communication between him and his mother. Grendels views and relationships truly separate him from the rest of mainstream society. His strange and alien morals and ideals make him an outsider among the humans, and the rest of the world that he lives in. He truly is the only one of his kind.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Three Miles North Of Marianna

Three miles north of Marina, Florida Caverns State greens offers more outdoor recreational opportunities than any other level I know of in Florida. What other spot do you know that has hiking, biking, camping, picnicking, knightback riding, cannoning, kayaking on rapids, boating, fishing birdwatchers, golfing, spring hunting, and, of course, spelunking? It is the core outs that give the state park its name. Created during the stamp as a ICC project, the 1,300-acre park is honeycombed with caves large and small.This urn-Florida- like geological feature is the result of Florists limestone base bumping the ail end of the uplift that becomes the Appalachians. And while the caves present do not match Mammoth Cave or Carlsbad Caverns, they nonetheless have an impressive array of stalagmites, stalactites, columns, flowstone, and other formations created over thousands Of years by the stiff drip Of water. One large cave may be visited on guided tours. The tour takes around 25 minutes , and the cavern is a constant temperature of 59 degrees.Native Americans once used the caves for shelter and storage, and their history is told in the parks informative museum. The rest of the caves are off limits or even gated to protect fragile formations and colonies of endangered immemorial bats. These shy insect-eating creatures are easily disturbed, tho warmly welcomed by campers for the tons of mosquitoes they eat. Bats and insects are not the only residents in the park, which is a safe harbour for alligators, deer, and beaver as well as home for a rich variety of birds, fish, and other wildlife.Some have claimed sightings of the ivory-billed woodpecker in the area, although such are not confirmed and most believe this largest of all woodpeckers is now extinct. But if the ivory-billed survived anywhere, it might be in these rich floodplains. Gigantic beech, magnolia, sweet gum, and oak trees shade the low-lying areas, and the understood flowers all year long with everyth ing from columbine, native azalea, and sage to leafless, bottlers, and the lovely January-blooming topmasts lily.The river floodplain trail is the best way to see the many faces of the area. In 30 minutes, you will go through natural tunnels, climb boulders, see virgin forest and some of the largest trees in the state, and be able to peek into several caves. The horse trails may also be hiked and loop along spring runs and through deep forest. Riders must provide their own horses. The Chipolata River bisects the park from north to south and is joined within it by two spring runs.In the middle of the park, the river dips below ground for more than 1,000 yards before reappearing. A century ago, a channel was cut crosswise the natural bridge so logs could be floated downstream. The ditch is narrow, fast, obstructed, and not recommended for the inexperienced paddled. Fed by rainwater and springs, the Chipolata can be very clear and is an diffuse paddle stream or down. Alligators bask in the few sunny spots, discouraging river swimming. Even so, there is a great spring group about a mile upstream of the boat ramp.Called Bezel, the main spring has a clear shallow run from the east and leads to a lovely spring jackpot that strongly invites a dip, even a skinny dip when no one is around. Three more springs line the banks just below and above Bezel, and the park is a popular pull-out for overnight and weekend cancers. The official swimming area is yet another spring called Blue Hole. The spring forms three pools, one of which has a nice beach and dive littoral. The water in the main spring is a deep, milky blue and its 68 degrees are very refreshing on a hot summer day.The Florida Caverns Golf Course is adjacent to the park and is a separate concession. Park fees are $3. 25 per car, and there are additional, if reasonable, charges for cavern tours, canoe rentals, camping, horseback riding, and golfing. The cavern tours are very popular, so call ahead if you plan a w eekend visit. Development is increasing around the park, but once inside you can explore the glories of natural Florida in greater variety than just about anaphora.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

History And Theory Criticism Anthropology Essay

Lancelot Brown who was born in 1716 and died in 1783 was called mental ability because of his ability in recognizing the capablenesss of a embellish. Very high in his twenty-four hours and the demand by the proprietors of most of the baronial e domains, we find that his position or repute had dented worsening by the start of the 20th century. This was chiefly due to the polemics of those who had revived the captivation of the formal, architectural garden of which he was considered to be the chief destroyer ( Harlin, p93 ) .His prominence was restored by authors like Christopher Hussey and largely, Dorothy Stroud, who was his biographer during the 1950 and 1960s. or so late garden historiographers such as Tom Williamson and David Jacques have stressed the fact that Brown was merely one of the several 18th century landscape interior decorators, like Adam Mickle, William Emes and Nathaniel Richmond whose work and accomplishments are merely get downing to come into focal point.Howev er, some of these interior decorators began their calling unneurotic with Brown. Latest survey, excessively, has stressed that Brown was neer a one-person set. He greatly depended on a big group of persons in oversing the execution of his programs and he might be believed to be among the first of all time garden interior decorators to hold something similar to a professional pattern.The accomplishment of his calling comes from his own(prenominal) extraordinary endowments and the clip in which he lived. It was a clip of great profusion and one of the major marks of wealth was the addition in the size of the landed estates. However, the 18th century, as W. G. Hoskins defines it in ( 1955 ) The Making of the English Landscape , was really the great age of parliamentary enclosures of the waste land and unfastened Fieldss intimately 1,214,574 hectares were enclosed, in other words passed into private ownership.All through hiss calling he worked on designs for more than two 100 estat es, between 1741 ( Stowe ) and 1783 ( Stourton plate in Yorkshire ) . The typical description of his characteristic work sums about to a cliche , the putting surface that is surrounded by belts of trees, the bunchs of trees in the unfastened landscape, together with the lake at the cardinal land, ever formed by barricading a steam and usually of a snaky sort so as to look like a river. Not much is known about either the pattern or theory of his trade. He did nt go forth any theoretical Hagiographas and the few hints of nurture we have are undependable.In recent old ages, we find that it has been mentioned that Brown besides had great involvement in the pleasance evidences of an estate together with the park. He often designed more or less fancy shrubberies that were near to the house like in the pleasance evidences of Petworth. His work was nt by and large admire in his clip, Sir William Chambers, the designer every bit good as the garden interior decorator criticized his landsca pes in the twelvemonth 1772 due to their small difference from the public Fieldss.Richard Payne Knight, the picturesque apostle, unusually dubbed him as the originator of bald and bald. Nevertheless, Humphry Repton, who so followed in his footfalls, claimed that wishing for grading, so common in all his workingmans each knoll by them is lowered, and each hollow filled to do a degree surface ( Halliday, p152 ) .Petworth HousePetworth House in Petworth, England is a late 17th century manor, reconstruct in 1688 by Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, and tainted during the 1870s by Anthony Salvin. The topographic point was once occupied by an equipt manor house that was founded by enthalpy de Percy, the 13th century chapel and the undercroft of which still exist.Today s constructing houses is an indispensable aggregation of sculptures and pictures, which include 19 oil pictures by Turner, some which are have by the sign and some by Tate Britain, who was a usual visitant to Petwor th, the pictures by Van Dyck, the carvings by Grinling Gibbons every bit good as Ben Harms, handed-down and non-traditional sculptures ( which include even the 1s by John Edward Carew and John Flaxman ) , and wall every bit good as the ceiling pictures by Louis Laguerre. Furthermore, there is besides an secular Earth by Emery Molyneux, which is believed to be he merely one worldwide in its original 1592 commonwealth.This stands in a seven hundred acre landscaped park called Petworth Park, which was good designed by Brown. However, the park is among the more popular in England, mostly on description of several of its images which were painted by Turner. It is occupied by a big herd of fallow cervid in England. There is besides approximately 30 acre forest garden called the Pleasure Ground ( Green, p123 ) .For the get going two hundred and 50 old ages, we find that the house and the estate have under the ownership of the Wyndham household.The house and cervid park were given to th e province in 1947 and are presently under the direction of the National Trust under the trade name Petworth House and Park. However, the Leconfield Estates besides possess much of the Petworth and the adjacent country. As a expression into the lives of the old estate workers, we find that the Petworth Cottage Museum has been situated in High Street.Petworth House is the topographic point to Petworth House Real tennis Club. ( Many similar private estates held existent tennis tribunals. )BlenheimPalaceThis is a big and big state house located in Woodstock, England. It is really the lone non-episcopal state house in the state to hold the rubric Palace . The castle which is one of the largest houses in England was constructed between 1705 and 1724. It was accepted and recognized as a UNESCO humans heritage Site in the twelvemonth 1987 ( Girouard, p67 ) .However, its structure was ab initio intended to be a present to John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough from an appreciati ve state in return for military triumph against the Bavarians and Gallic at the Battle of Blenheim. Is shortly turned out to be the chief topic of political squabbling, which resulted to Marlborough s expatriate, the fall from the power of his Duchess, and lasting harm to the position of the Sir John Vanbrugh, the architecturePlanned in the rare, and impermanent, English Baroque manner, architectural esteem of the castle is divided at once as it was during the 1720s. It is exceeding in its combined usage as a mausoleum, household place, and a national memorial. Furthermore, the castle is besides celebrated as the place of birth and the hereditary place of the Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill ( Turner, p30-32 ) .The mark above the big East gate provides a clear history of the building of the castle, the narration Under the backing of a munificent crowned head this house was constructed for John of Marlborough together with his Duchess Sarah, by Sir J Vanbrugh between 1705 and 1722. The Royal Manor of Woodstock and a grant of two hundred and 40 1000 Euros towards the building of Blenheim, was offered by Her Majesty Queen Anne and approved by act of parliament. The fact is hat the building of the castle was a minefield of political confederacy, with intriguing on a Machiavellian graduated table by Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. Due to the completion of the castle, it has become the place of the Churchill household for the past three hundred old ages, and several members of the household have in that clip produced many alterations, inside gardens and park, whereby some are for the better, others for the worse.At the final of the 19th century, the Churchills and the castle were saved from the muss by an American matrimony. Hence, the outside of the castle is still in good fix and precisely as completed.Work citedTurner, R. , Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape. Phillimore, Chichester, 2005, pp.30-32.The book negotiations about Brow n and his several parts to the landscape design, including the constitution of many Parkss for the English aristocracy. Particularly 15 of his landscapes ( e.g. , Blenheim ) which are comprehensively covered.Girouard, M. , Life in the English Country House. New Haven Yale University Press. 2001, p67The writer teases out these constellations and analyses the several ways the thoughts of subjection and command do Romantic artistic signifiers, from the literature and art to architecture and garden design.Green, D. , Blenheim Palace. Oxford Alden Press. 2002, p123The book focuses on a extremely original country of enquiry, the urban underworld. It besides offers capacious penetrations into the cultural energies and the stuff flows of the tunnels, cloacas and drains of Paris and London.Halliday, E. , Cultural History of England. London Thames & A Hudson. 2004, p152This book displays the easiness and assurance of person who truly knows her capable. The writer examines the comfy insides of England, the overstuff chairs and couchs, dark forests, authoritative spiels and the vivacious colourss.Harlin, R. , Historic Houses. London Conde Nast Publications. 1999, p93In this book, the writer negotiations about the great architectural memorials in different metropoliss of the universe such as London, Athens and Paris

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

The Importance of Career Planning in Industry

the importance of Career Planning in industry. Career planning involves efforts on the sort out of the organizations to brook avenues for growth to its employees. Certainly this growth should be accompanied by development. The other side of the coin is the role of employees in rush planning. It involves effort on the part of employees to clearly think through and decided areas in which they would like to make a career for themselves. When employees have assessed their career needs and have become aware(p) of organizational career opportunities, the problem is one of alignment.The crucial role has to be played by HRD in ensuring this alignment to build up morale in the organization. A systematic choice of development techniques like training, special assignment, counseling and rotational assignments should be made to ensure this alignment. Employees are often uncertain as to the type of work that would suit them best. There are a number of evaluation instruments available to dete rmine basic aptitudes. Human Resource Development Managers should be able to guide employees by administering these instruments on them. Employees should also find out whether they are loners or socially active.These exercises with some assistance from HRD Managers should help in career need assessment. At certain stage the upward mobility stops for many employees. This is inescapable in view of pyramid organizations structure. This phenomenon is called plateauing. It takes place around the age f 40. Some suggested measures to deal with such employees are ? Mentors should be assigned measures to deal with such employees. Depending on the maturity of such mentors, good results can be achieved in assuaging the hurt feelings of plateaued employees ? Additional career ladders could be established to retain some valuable resource. Giving them importance by assigning them to some important chore force or committee. ? Assisting them to choose a new career. Some organizations assist their plateau executives to start their own business. Career path models developed by a large public sector undertaking This organization has developed career paths models for the major discipline Sales Technical services Operations Engineering air travel LPG Finance Personnel Career path models have not been drawn for the disciplines like materials, public relations, training, etc. areer path models have been evolved to provide direction to career progression of officers. It forms the basis for placement, transfer, rotation etc. so that the officers are prepared for higher responsibilities progressively and the experience they gain becomes cumulative rather than respective. The most distinguishing feature article of these career path model are the stress on jib rotation and testing the incumbent in a different environment to conjure up his coping capability before giving him a higher position in the hierarchy.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Forrest Gump Analysis

Forrest Gump Watching Forrest Gump for the frontmost meter I feel that the plastic film has a little of everything in it, from action and war to love and romance. For one man to overcome so legion(predicate) hardships and live a life-time full of love and happiness it is inspiring. Each character had something that r to each oneed viewers. From jenny ass to Lieutenant Dan they all had something that make them easy to connect with. Even the people that sat on the remove next to Forrest created interest they listened and were in the story for us, further were not truly division of it.Forrest Gump could be referred to as stupid, but I believe that the modal value he tries to understand the world around him and make the better of everything is rather clever. When the film begins we start from Forrests childhood. We learn ab surface the high expectations that his m other(a) had for him. We see that he is lonely, and we see his growing love for jenny ass. For a boy that is bull ied so much and has so many obstacles in his life he loves deeply. Due to his work forcetal disabilities, Forrest became the victim of academic discrimination, but as she will ever so be him bring fights for him to earn the same opportunities as the other children.She completely believes in Forrest and wants him to be the best(p) that he can be. During this stage of his life I thought of Eriksons industry vs. inferiority concept. During that time children be supposed to work toward master recogniseledge and intellectual skills. (Santrock, 2011 p23) The negative possibility of not mastering those skills would be that children would feel incompetent and unproductive. As Forrest Gump grows he still maintains his mental disability, but his athletic abilities start out started to make a difference in his life.He runs so fast that he gets asked to play football for the University of Alabama. though he grows older he still has the innocence of a child. During his adolescence where m ost other people argon experimenting with sex he seems almost upset by the idea. He loves jenny yet when she tries for sexual conform to with him he looks hurt and confused by it. This stage in his life he would be discharge through and through Eriksons individuation vs. identity confusion. (Santrock, 2011 p 23) During this time individuals are assay to figure out who they re and what they are going to do in life. If the adolescent explores in a healthy way then they will form a positive identity however, if they struggle and have a severe time then it may result in continued identity confusion. Forrest was an active part of many important regular(a)ts including protests against desegregation, the Vietnam War, anti-war activism, Black Panther Party meetings, and the Ping Pong diplomacy period. Those important events should have made a difference to him, but he went through it all as if it didnt really partake him.During the whole movie he seemed completely oblivious to the si gnificance of everything that was going on around him and the part he played in those events. Forrests generally happy go lucky demeanor and unobservant nature contrasted harshly with jenny ass. jennet Curran as a child was Forrest Gumps best friend and peradventure his only friend. Jenny has a much harsher life at home than Forrest has. plot Forrest has a good-natured mother that raises him Jenny has an abusive dad. Jenny spent a lot of time with Forrest as a child because she didnt want to be alone.Jenny and Forrest were like peas and carrots. When they were young Jenny taught Forrest how to read, and Forrest shared his mellow, carefree spatial relation with her. When Jenny is young after Forrest comes over to her house and sees the way her father treats her they run into the fields trying to get as far away from her home as possible. Jenny falls d profess to the background signal and prays to God to make her a bird so she can fly far away. There are many developmental cons equences of crime on children. Santrock, 2011 p 258) Some of the consequences of treat and maltreatment in childhood and adolescence are poor senseal regulation, attachment problems, problems in peer relations, difficulty adapting to school and other psychological problems such as depression and delinquency. The abuse that Jenny sustained in her childhood caused problems throughout her life. As a young adult Jenny went to an all girls college while Forrest played football at the University of Alabama. This was the stolon of Forrests success and Jennys large(p) decisions.Jenny started messing around with boys and getting in trouble. Forrest rescued her from be with a guy, but Jenny could not let herself be close to Forrest even though her cared for her deeply. Her bad behavior caused her to be kicked out of school. Jenny decided that she wanted to become a famous singer, but somewhere along the way she ended up singing naked in a solecism club. Again Forrest rescued her and ag ain she was ungrateful and ended up go away behind the one psyche in her life that cared about her most. The next time Jenny is seen she had been spending time with hippies at anti-war protests.Forrest tries to get Jenny out of another abusive relationship, but she doesnt want to be rescue and leaves Forrest again. When Jenny went through Eriksons identity vs. identity confusion (Santrock, 2011 p 23) stage her past abuse caused her to make the wrong choices and left her in continued identity confusion. Each time we see Jenny in the movie she is into drugs and running with the wrong crowd. During the adult years, people who were abused as children often have a difficulty maintaining healthy adult relationships.According to Miller-Perrin, Perrin, Kocur (Santrock, 2011 p 258) those adults are at a higher guess for violent behavior toward other adults-especially dating partners and marital partners- as well as substance abuse , anxiety and depression. During New Years Eve 1972 Jenny contemplates suicide, at that point she has reached her very lowest and we see her change her mind and leave hopefully to change for the better. The rest of the movie is a rollercoaster of emotion for Jenny and Forrest. Forrest wants nothing more than to be with the only woman other than his mother that he has love his entire life.When Jenny and Forrest are finally together Forrest thought they were going to be together forever, and Jenny ran away again. Her past abuse leaves her afraid of both trusting Forrest to love her and allowing herself to feel worthy of creation loved. By the end of the movie, Jenny has finally open up herself. afterwards Forrest spent his time after her leaving running for 3 years, 2 months, 14 days, and 16 hours she finally wants to see him. From their night together she had gotten meaning(a) and had a son that she named Forrest.Perhaps it was having a child that helped settle Jenny into adulthood or maybe she had barely finally come to hurt with th e lasting effects of abuse, but she decided to marry Forrest and live with him for her rest time alive. In that time that she is a wife and mother she looks more at peace than ever. It took Jenny her whole life to come to terms with the abuse she endured as a child and the abuse she subjected herself to as an adult. She experienced an abusive father, played out jobs, abusive boyfriends and grabby customers, drugs and thoughts of suicide before she could let herself be loved by Forrest.During Forrest Gumps time in the military he meets Lt. Dan Taylor. Though Lt. Dan is more of a peripheral character, his struggles fit well with the movie. Lieutenant Dan Taylor was born into a family with the proud military tradition that individual in his family had died in every American war. He was sent to Vietnam during the Vietnam War and assigned to the fourth platoon where he met Bubba and Forrest. While serving in Vietnam is was evident that he was paranoid of snipers and surprise attacks in general. When his platoon encountered an ambush he called for a Napalm drop.During the ambush he was hit in the legs, and was certain that his time had come to fulfill the family legacy of dying in that war. However, Forrest Gump in his search for his fallen best friend Bubba comes across Lt. Dan and carries him and many other men to safety. Lt. Dan is sent to a field hospital and his legs are amputated. Forrest Gump is brought to the same hospital and Lt. Dan confronts Forrest about legal transfer him. He is very upset that he didnt get to die like other men in the family and feels that his destiny has been ruined. At this time Lt.Dan is coming to terms with his possible selves (Santrock, 2011 p 602). As he is recovering from his double amputation he has to consider the life that he had, the death he thought he was going to have, and the life he is left as an amputee. Lt. Dan is eventually discharged due to his handicap and he ends up in New York City. He spends his time after b eing discharged living in New York, possibly off the government or programs for injured veterans. He lives in a garish motel room and drinks far too much. He looks like he has been living a hard life since his time in the military.On New Years Eve he meets up with Forrest again and even though he still has not come to terms with Forrest saving his life, he treats Forrest like a friend. He defends Forrest from the women he had over and promises Forrest to be his first mate if he ever becomes the captain of a half-pinting boat. When Forrest actually buys a shrimping boat Lt. Dan does become the first mate. Lt. Dan guides Forrest to where he believes there will be shrimp which leads to many failures. While out fishing Lt. Dan and Forrest endure Hurricane Carmen. Lt.Dan is at the highest point that the boat has to offer hollo and challenging God. At this point Lt. Dan seems to come to terms with the life he has ben dealt. Lt. Dan looks more positively on life after this point and eve n thanks Forrest for saving his life. The hurricane destroyed the entire fleet of shrimping boats in Bayou La Batre, except for the Jenny. As a result, Forrest Gumps shrimping business takes off. Lt. Dan invests the already high profits of the Bubba Gump wood pewee Company into a new computer company, Apple Computers, making both Forrest Gump and himself very wealthy.With his new found wealth Lt. Dan Taylor is able to afford custom made prosthetic legs which give him the ability to walk again. Lt. Dan alike faces Eriksons identity vs. identity confusion (Santrock, 2011 p 23) during his life several times. When he has to come to terms with who he thought he was going to be he struggles with his identity then again when he has to live as an amputee and once more when he gets new legs. After all he had to go through in his adulthood he finally meets and marries Susan, his Korean wife. Another peripheral character is Pvt. benzoin Buford Bubba Blue.When Forrest first gets on the bus f or the military he faces the same problems as an adult that he did as a child, nobody wanted to sit with him. Walking between the rows of seats looking for a friendly face he found Bubba. Bubba appeared to have many of the same problems that Forrest did. Bubba possibly faced issues with his ethnic identity (Santrock, 2011 p 385) as he was given the name Bubba just like one of those redneck boys. While serving in the U. S. Army Bubba and Forrest become close friends. Bubba knows everything there is to know about shrimp, Forrest and Bubba make a deal to start their own shrimp business one day.However, Bubba never makes it back to America alive. After some time, Forrest finally goes to Bayou La Batre, where Bubbas family lives. Forrest buys a shrimp boat to start the Bubba Gump half-pint Company. The Bubba Gump Shrimp Company later earned a spot in Fortune magazine, and Forrest sent a nurse with Bubbas earnings to Bubbas mother. This film dealt a lot with death and accepting death a s a part of life. Robert Kastenbaums death system comes in to play several times during this movie. Forrest has to go through the death of several people he cares about.First he endured Bubbas death whom he had plan a future and had become close friends. Then he survived the death of his mother. She was the only person in his entire life that he could always count on. Just before her death Forrests mother tells him one last time how proud of him she is and reminds him the life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what youre going to get, she says that it was her destiny to raise Forrest. She was always there for him, and rooting for him, and telling him that he could be whatever he wanted to be.Her death was a tough thing to work through and for a time he completely left the boat and company to Lt. Dan and stayed at his mothers home, taking care of things and grieving. Then eventually he had to endure the death of Jenny. He had loved Jenny his whole life then it seemed almos t as soon as they were finally together she had died. Forrests emotions for Jenny come out at her grave, and while there he leaves her a letter create verbally by Forrest Jr. As the film closes Forrest Jr is at the bus stop and we are reminded of Forrests first bus ride and how far he has come since his days of being bullied.The feather that was in the setoff is at the end as well symbolizing destiny. Forrest himself says I dont know if we each have a destiny, or if were all just floating around accidental-like on a breeze, I think maybe its both. Maybe both is happening at the same time. Forrest couldnt have put it into better words. During his story we see several characters and watch their life unfold. We know that Lt. Dan had his own ideas for his destiny then his life turned out completely different. Jenny never had a surpass path for her destiny, and Forrest only ever wanted to love and be loved by Jenny.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Lewis and Rostow

Outline the theories of Lewis and Rostow and discuss their relevance in analysing the problems of education in LDCs In the 1950s, the two more or less prominent economists of the Western school were Arthur Lewis and Walt W. Rostow. Their theories had a crucial impact on the policies of Western g all overnments regarding schooling in LDCs. Arthur Lewis claimed he was a classical economist because he disagreed with the neo-classical school. He argued that the neo-classical assumption of full employment is incorrect in the long-run, and that they therefore had no long-term sight on development.However, Lewis has been catego god by other economists such as Hollis B. Chenery, as a Structuralist. This is because his famous two- orbit fashion mock up focuses in the mechanisms through which LDCs can change their economical home from an agricultural to a much modern industrial one(a). 1 The emphasise on internal modes of production and reform of domesticated infrastructure is a di stinguishing feature of the Structuralists. In the mid 1950s Lewis, in his essay Economic Development with untrammeled bring out of Labour put forward his opening of underdevelopment.He begins with the assumption that the economy of the LDCs could be fail into two empyreans the tralatitious area, which is agrarian, and characterised by subsistence fight and a surplus of craunch. Lewis referred to this as disguised unemployment. Because of the plumping tire force in the traditional sector, much of it unused, this results in nada marginal advertise productivity. Wages atomic number 18 therefore kept at subsistence trains, which causes wages in the modern sector to be set at subsistence level. The modern sector is characterised as a gameyly productive, urban, industrial sector.Lewis argues that surplus labour in the traditional sector can be gradually transferred to the modern sector with no loss to productivity because of the zero marginal productivity of labour in ag riculture. To encourage the flow of labour from the traditional to the modern sector Lewis allows for a 30% differential in income. Once the modern sector reaches full employment output is change magnituded. The enlarge is immovable by the rate of investment and large(p) accumulation (this is assuming that overmuch acquire are re-invested).Thus the demand for labour go out once again increase and with the 30% premium over traditional sector wages, supply curve of labour from the traditional to modern sector is perfectly elastic. The two-sector model of development demonstrates the edge of labour transfer and the proceeds of employment and production in the modern sector. The outgo right diagram represents production in the traditional sector. Total product (TPA) is the survive of variable labour (LA), fixed capital (KA) and traditional technology (tA) TPA = f (LA, KA, tA).In the bottom right diagram we sustain the add up and marginal product of labour curves, which are derived from the total product curve in the diagram instanter above it. in that respect are two assumptions made firstly, the marginal product of labour is zero (MpLA at LA), and hence there is surplus labour. Secondly, wages are divided equally in the traditional sector so it is the average, and not the marginal product of labour determines the real wage. 2 ? The diagram on the gratuity left represents production in the modern sector.Again, the total product (TPM) in this sector is a function of the variable input labour (LM), a given capital input (KM), and modern technology (tM) TPM = f (LM, KM, tM). The model demonstrates that at if labour is at L1, and capital stock at KM1, thence output pass on be TPM1. Lewis allows for the re-investment of excess profits in the modern sector, which allow increase capital stock from KM1 to KM2 and then to KM3. This results in an increase in the demand for labour (from L1, to L2, then L3), and an increase in output for the sector (from TPM1, to TPM2, and then TPM3).We can see alike that the total product curves rise in accordance to the increase in capital stock and labour. The process by which capital stock and total product go out increase is demonstrated in the bottom left diagram. WA is the subsistence wage level offered by the traditional sector. With a 30% premium over the traditional wage rate, wages for the modern sector is at WM. Lewis assumes that the supply of labour is perfectly elastic and will remain so throughout the development process, hence the horizontal labour supply curve.Employers will hire at this wage rate without the possibility of wages rising. Because capital stock (KM1) is fixed in the initial stage of growth, demand curve for labour is determined by labours declining marginal product3, the negatively sloped curve D1 (KM1). Employers in the modern sector are presume to hire to where the marginal physical product of labour is equal to the real wage, so employment will be at L1. Area O WMFL1 represents wages for this sector, and profits are shown by area WMD1F. Lewis assumes that these profits will be re-invested, so the capital stock now increases from KM1 to KM2.This will increase total product in the modern sector, inducing higher demand for labour. The new equilibrium is now at point G with L2 workers in the bottom left diagram. The same process will once again occur, increase capital stock to KM3, total product of labour to TPM(KM3), and employment in the modern sector to L3. According to the Lewis hypothesis, this process will continue until all surplus labour is absorbed into the new modern sector. The declining labour to knock down ratio will increase the marginal productivity of labour above zero, ca apply the labour supply curves to become positively sloped.So wages and employment will continue to grow, and the domestic structure of the economy is changed, allowing for the growth of a modern, urban, industrial sector. The Lewis two-sector model draws on the experience of economic development in the West, alone he makes a number of key assumptions that are not plausible to developing countries in this day and age. Firstly, Lewis assumes that the increase in employment in the modern sector is proportional to its rate of profit. (This is on a set ahead assumption that all profits are infact re-invested).In reality it is a common trend for Trans-National Companies (TNCs) to employ increasing levels of capital and technology, while keeping labour at the same level. Lewis also assumes that there is surplus labour in agriculture and full employment in the modern sector. This is infact untrue, and the opposite is more common in most LDCs. Also, research suggests that unemployment is not as high as Lewis estimated (around 50%) but is more accurately around the 5% mark. The assumption of an infinitely elastic labour has also been subject to criticism.Empirically labour will experience some rise in wages, so the labour supply curve will no t remain flat. Lewis makes some politically incorrect assumptions. He argues that farmers will get richer during the development process due(p) to an increasing demand for food from a growing urban population. He suggests that farmers should be taxed and the money should be invested in urban areas. So he advocated the taxing of people on subsistence wage levels, to help the capitalistic class He also advocated the curbing of trade union power during evelopment, and to protect the growth of the capitalists using tariffs (this was undoubtedly truly unpopular with the Marxists). The two-sector model emphasises the need to increase money supply in ordinance to kick-start the development process. We know that in the real world this could lead to inflation, speculation and balance of payment problems. Lewis does get laid these possibilities in his article, but he does not explain how the loans themselves can be bad. He places a high degree of importance on a capitalist class who would bring about an outflow of profits, but does not explain from where the new class will emerge.Despite all of these flaws in the two-sector model, Lewis was nonetheless awarded the Nobel Prize for economics for his endeavours. In 1960, the US economist and historian Walt Whitman Rostow published his paper The Stages of Economic Development. He claimed he was providing an alternative to the Marxist view of history, and thus gave his paper the subtitle a non-communist manifesto. Rostow analysed the process of development in the West and concludes that it is possible to distinguish development into stages and all societies can be categorised into one of the phoebe bird stages he distinguishes.In order to develop LDCs are required to progress through these stages. The five stages are as follows The traditional society, transitional (or preconditions to take-off), take-off, due date and high-mass consumption. 4 A traditional society is the most basic form of society. It does little mor e than economically survive. Production is used for self-consumption and there is no trade. It would ordinarily acquit a ceiling on production due to limitations of science and backward production practices. There is generally a high proportion of the workforce in agriculture (75%), little social change, and large instalments of wealth. In the transition stage agriculture will begin to prevail, mainly due to foreign interests. Rostow argues that the level of investment must be raised to at least 10% of national income, ensuring self-sustaining growth. The deal of investment should be spent on infrastructure, like transport and communication if society is to progress to the succeeding(a) stage. He states that society must also be willing to operate closer to factory principles and the division of labour, and a new elite must emerge that will drive the factory process. It is generally genuine that entrepreneurs usually appear in commerce.Rostow and others acknowledge that societ y may be in this stage for centuries. To cue society from transition to take-off growth must become self-sustaining. Rostow predicts that investment must rise in excess of 10% of national income in order to guarantee adequate levels of future savings and investment. 6 What is significant in this stage is the emergence of major export industries (what Rostow calls leading growth sectors). In the US and Russia this would prepare been the grain industry, in Britain the textiles industry, in Sweden, timber etc.So the industry itself differs from country to country, and Rostow makes clear that LDCs do not have to produce the same goods as developed nations in order to take-off. In the stage of maturity society will apply a wide range of new technology to most of its resources. In this period a nation will grow confident and exert itself. It will also have to make a choice at this point as to what it should spend its new found wealth on. Either to move towards high-mass consumption, to build a welfare state, or to meet imperialist ends.The stage of high-mass consumption, Rostow argues, applies unaccompanied to the US, as at the time of writing (1956) no other society had achieved this. Based on his possibleness Rostow, Rosenstein and Rodon came up with a 5-year plan for LDCs following the Western ideology of development. The 5-year plans were largely unsuccessful, not to diagnose controversial. At the height of the parky war the US funded any tin-pot dictator who was not allied with the USSR, under the guise of aid for development. There are several issues in Rostows theory that has received criticism.Firstly, he negates the multiplier process, and refers to it as backward lineage. He also ignores foreign exchange constraints, like the cost of importing machinery. His single minded pursuit of capital has led to wide elephant projects by the UN, which have caused a nap of damage to the environment and brought very little benefit to LDCs. Also, concentration on capital intensive goods makes things worse. It deprives consumption, gives rise to demand, which makes increases in demand for capital goods inevitable. Simon Kuznets points out that there is no distinction between stages 2 and 3, and also 3 and 4.The characteristics that Rostow distinguishes are not unique to those phases. For example, the changes that occur during transition also seem to occur during take-off. In Kuznets own words It seems to me that Rostow defines these social phenomena as a complex that produces the onus he wishes to explain and then treats his identification as if it were a meaningful identification7 The main problem with Rostows theory is his political bias. This is not surprising if we take into account statement the historical and political conditions in which the theory was created (the cold war, McCarthyism).Rostow wanted to provide a Western, capitalist ideology of development. The neo-Marxists point out that LDCs are very different from each other, and we cannot ignore the historical context in which they were created as Rostow does. The centuries of colonialism still have an effect on LDCs today and to ignore this is wrong. The neo-Marxists argue that the History of LDCs is littered with aborted take-offs and crash landings, which have left them with distorted development and dependency. Both Lewis and Rostow tend to indicate that development is a purely domestic issue, and that obstacles to growth are all internal.They emphasise on savings and investment, and do not take into account the many external forces that can stimulate or hinder growth, such as political and economic pressure from TNCs and the WTO. They make no attempt to explain ideas suggested by the Prebisch-Singer thesis, or to reconcile Emmanuels theory of Unequal Exchange. Overall, both economists imply that growth and development are solely in the hands of the developing countries, trivialising the dominance and significance of the West in the development proc ess.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Descartes ; Hume’s Theory on Knowledge

friendship is the things that unmatched has taken into itself and made the decision to believe that it is true. This leads to the question, what makes certain obtained pieces of fellowship true? Descartes would doubt everything until he came to an absolute and undeniable truth. If he had any reason to doubt something, it could not be true knowledge. Descartes consequently discovered iodine thing that he could not doubt and that is I think, in that locationfore I am. He says that if he can think, then he knows that he exists. I agree and disagree with Rene Descartes theory of how we choose knowledge.Just because you have doubt rough something does not necessarily mean there is no knowledge of it. What one may doubt, another person may have knowledge of. So is that persons knowledge false? I say no. There are many situations like that. One may doubt the existence of God, but I do not doubt it. Since we all have our possess beliefs, it does not mean one is wrong. So I do not agree with him saying there is no knowledge of things that he has the slightest doubt about. I do agree with his famous line I think, therefore I am. If one has the brain activity to think, then yes they do exist and that is certain.Since I am thinking, then I do have knowledge that I certainly exist. On the other hand, if one is in a apathy then I still do believe that they exist. If you are living, animated and your heart is beating then you without doubt exist even though you are not authentically thinking. One in a coma does have the ability to think once out of the coma so therefore they still exist. Hume was an empiricist and he believed that all knowledge issues through intimacy. If you want to know anything about what the world is like, you have to go out and explore you cannot simply sit, think really hard and trust to come up with knowledge.He believed, along with the fact that knowledge is dealed through experience, that a persons experiences are postal code more than the subjects of his or her own perception. The knowledge of anything comes from the way it is observed through the five senses. Hume began to differentiate mingled with feelings and thoughts. Feelings are only impressions made upon the body, and thoughts arrive from impressions meaning you cannot have feelings on things you have not experienced. I do agree that one can gain knowledge through experiences, but also through being taught what we look out in school.In order for us to be taught things in school one had to experience the scientific study, math equation or any(prenominal) the material consisted of. People did not just come up with these facts on his/her own. They spent a lot of time researching and experiencing them to gain knowledge about whatever they learned. We do gain knowledge from things we experience on our own as well. The saying People learn from their mistakes is the perfect example. A child touches a hot stove and burns their hand, in doing so they learn not to touch it because they will remember what happened. In this case, they do learn from an experience.

Friday, May 17, 2019

Individual Strategic Plan: Conceptualizing a Business Essay

http//www.homeworkbasket.com/BUS-475/BUS-475-Week-2-Individual-Strategic-Plan,Part-I-Conceptualizing-a-Business bring out a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you explain the importance of your selected businesss vision, mission, and values in find out your strategic direction. Please do not write about an existing business. Create a sunrise(prenominal) business and include the followingDefine your business, products or services, and customers by developing a mission statement. find that you are differentiating your product or service.Create a vision for this organization that clearly demonstrates your decision on what you want your business to become in the future.Define your guiding principles or values for your selected business considering the topics of culture, well-disposed responsibility, and ethics.Analyze how the vision, mission, and values guide the organizations strategic direction.Evaluate how the organization addresses customer needfully and critique how they achie ve competitive advantage.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.For More Homework Goto http//www.homeworkbasket.com

Thursday, May 16, 2019

Autonomous work group an essential ingredient for effective organising? Essay

Following the inevitably of many businesses to assimilate alternative molds of counterfeit design this paper tries to explain and make or so sense rough the enduringness of supreme formulate aggroups in organising. It will be argue the thesis that much(prenominal) groups consider been, be and will be in force(p) in some definite shapingal condition. The assumptions underpinning this idea will be explored along the dialectic forming three sections.To understand this concept it seems important introduce nonions of undivided, group and explain why they argon so central from an organisational point of view. Thus, the first part of this paper will present some mental effects resulting by their interaction of these actorsMoreover, macrocosm the idea of autonomous change state group part of a complex constitution, it will be restrictive analyse its characteristics without locate it among others concepts produced by sociotechnical researchers. Thus, a broader compend of sociotechnical system (STS) will be part of the second section.Difference between what STS aimed to achieve, what they really achieved, and/or what they atomic number 18 achieving now is still discussed. This lack of unanimous consensus lets the debate open to several interpretations, and offer the opportunity to explore and shroud few issues colligate to the self-importance-managing groups. Hence, the delay side of this paper will address a discuss about the enjoyment of oversight, the subordination of adult male criteria to the dictates of efficiency, the application to some(prenominal) linear and non-linear systems, and a motion toward a self-leading aggroup type.The magnitude of such topic and the number of interesting studies surrounding this ara offer to the author a dilemma regarding what should be treated and what should non. Obviously, having this script humanistic approach major evidence is attached to populate in organisation, and respectively team memb ers, and management. Moreover, analysing the way in which the system adapted itself during the second half of the choke century, it will be argued that organisations designed or redesigned in respect of human criteria in original industries and environments, apprise reach a competitive advantage respect those that will non do it. In short, STS is an effective dick by which it is possible chalk up both individual and organisational require.Pursuing the paper this line of argument, issues related to politics, unions, and bureau, and other effects of identifications, ideology and control are non buyt in this paper neither because not relevant, nor because of secondary importance, preferably, due to the limitation of the length.Individuals, Groups and OrganisationTo some extent groups always existed, even in the States -where in duration of cold war ambitions were light-emitting diode to unbridled individualism, organisation used to split job into subtask, assigned it to var ious subunits, than these subunits divided subtask into sub-subunits and so on. Even if an organisation is formally organised according individual performance, the division of labour break d hold the organisation into groups. What does group means, and what needs a group fill for both organisation and individual? A psychological group is any number of people who interact with one other, are psychologically aware of one other, and perceive themselves as group (Schein 1994), and are seen as group by the others from outside (Hackman 1987, in brownish 2003).If in everyday life, groups mess be form through a spontaneous or random meeting -such as four friends meets for chance in library, in organisational setting they have diverse origin. Basically, it is possible recognise cardinal types of groups in organisation, those which are designedly created by motorbuss in order to follow up the tasks required from the organisational mission, an those ful alter psychological needs of indi vidual beyond the lower limit ones of doing their jobs respectively formal and slack groups (Schein 1994).According to its duration the former can be of two types long-lasting -such as the group of lecturer or/and professors forming the BOR depth at Lancaster University or temporary -such as a matrix group of lecturers or/and professors committed in a project for a definite time or mission. Nevertheless, organisation cooks an informal structure within which individuals interacting with others generates a group that fulfil their social needs. that contrary to the everyday life the interaction depend on defined physical location, being in fact their activity within the organisation limited by their tasks and mission to perform -such as the casualty to interact with people both meeting and operative in the same seat, depth, building and so on. way in mind that groups can simultaneously fulfil diverse organisational functions and needs of their members, it useful here to bed th ese kinds of functions in organisational and individual (Schein 1994). According to this partition, it is possible group organisational functions as those features coinciding with the mission of the organisation -i.e. civilizeing on a complex or mutually beneficial task, generating new ideas or creative solutions, liaison or coordinating functions, facilitate the accomplishation of complex decision, or be a vehicle of socialisation or training.On the other hand, among needs group members can fuck off with them and groups can fulfil there are needs such as those of affiliation, sense of identification and maintain self esteem, establish and tests social reality, moreover, it come down insecurity and anxiety. Appear now clear why groups are so important, from an organisational point of view it speed, facilitate, and remedy the task-related functions. On the other hand, spending two third of our life within the dressplace, meeting our psychological needs inn a group, and spendin g two third of our adult life in a work setting of various kinds, groups run short a integral part of such work settings (Schein 1994152).Thus, an enormous plausibly can be offered mixing up informal and formal functions, to comprehend it means to imagine how they can serve at the same both organisational and individual. Reed supported this thesis stating understand organisations means handgrip the diverse policy-making forces acting in it, nevertheless, decisions are not taken during a board of director, rather main actors discuss and reach agreement during a dinner on a golf manakin (2002). In other words, linking together individuals needs and organisational functions to fulfil, by means of formal and informal organisation could be achieved, through effectiveness and the right balance with the social needs of employees, an organisational competitive advantage.The Socio practiced System (STS)Understand the dynamic crop made up of individuals needs interacting in organisati onal setting it is not as easy as at a first sight. After two decades in which the human relation (HR) approach allocate attention to the employees, not work condition per se, that has the sovereign impact on productivity (Peters & Waterman, cited in Moldaschl & Weber 1998350), the sociotechnical group took another direction. Researches, associated with the work done by the Tavistock Institute in London, instead of concentrating on the enterprise as social system -where technology was not considered and workers were treated violate whilst their job remained the same (Trist, in Moldaschl & Weber 1998), attempted to overcome both Tayloristic and HR approach of work design.Whereas the HR movement achieved the so-called Hawthorne public relation effect -enforcing psychotechnics to deal with employees psychological wealth, STS underlined the importance of a real design of tasks (Emery 1978). The idea of STS implies that any productive organisation or part thereof is a combination of te chnology and social system in mutual interaction to each other. Each adjudicates each other and the nature of work determines the type of organisation that develops among workers, whilst the sociopsychological characteristics of the worker determine the manner in which a given job will be performed (Schein 1994).This idea led to the reading of an open system theory in which organisations imports and converts various things from its environment -such as people, money equipment, raw material, and so on, and exports products, services and waste materials which result from the conversions process (Schein 1994). Importing people the organisation have to deal with individuals needs, values, norms, and expectations, as a consequence, to be effective the organisation have to take in account both the nature of job and those of people.Through the Norwegian Industrial Democracy Programmes sponsored by the government, the employer association, and unions, STS achieved a value-free research fa r from the political exceptification for self-governance and from the economic justification of self-regulation (Susman in Moldaschl & Weber 1998350). It led their researchers to claim a third realization through the so called principle of industrial body politic -whilst for others concentrating their efforts on the micro level of participation, and neglecting representative forms of industrial democracy they realized just direct workplace democracy (Blackler 1982 in Moldaschl & Weber 1998).Another important concept is ground on the joint optimisation through which it is possible developing design solutions that consider human criteria and efficiency criteria equally (Brown 2003). Thus, it enables a scoop out match in this waysuch as Emerys nine-step model that aims to reduce key variances in, and between work systems, and to control them by self-regulation of the workers (Moldaschl & Weber 1998360).This self-regulation, interdependence and self-governance, draw attention to dec isions that ca be delegated to work groups that, in function of these, are defined as autonomous work group. In some industries has been discovered that high levels of productivity and quality can be achieved giving clusters of tasks to a work group (Findlay et al, 2000 Barker 1999 Knights and McCabe 2000 pounder 1992 Sewell 1998) such autonomous work groups are then made responsible for producing entire product such a radio, an engine (Schein 1994).The idea was to group several workers -organised in multifunctional structure with flexible job rotation, in a spatially and organisationally limited production unit, share a common task that is divided into interdependent sub task, and assume share responsibility over the long term. Among its criteria can be notice verge maintenance (Moldaschl & Weber 1998360). What sociotechnology group tried to achieve through the implement of autonomous work group is a way of simultaneously satisfying psychological and task needs (Buchanan 200029) . In other words, a whole group is provided the opportunity to design and manage a total integrated task, thus permitting workers to fulfil their social and self actualising needs within the context of the work situation (Herbst 1962 in Schein 1994195). Nevertheless being the role of management present to some extents, it is more correct to speak about semi autonomous work groups.Among the variety of semi-autonomous work group, it is useful to adopt the three forms identified by Brown (2003). The mixed fully multi skilled -as in the Tavistock Institute Coal Mining studies where miners learnt and performed diverse task the matrix form -as in Fiorellis idea of quality circle where a group of people, having disparate specialised functions, overlapped competences (1998) and the cyberspace where individuals are far but frequently in contact to each other through learning technologies such as teleconferencing to exchange knowledge from which the ongoing knowledge management team (Bel l, Blackler and hunker in Fulop & Linstead 1999228).This tri-partition can be associated with changes in the second half of twentieth century in westbound society where scientific and organisational improvement led radical changes in economical sector (Ackroyd and Lawernson 1995, Piore & Sabel 1984, Zuboff 1998). Especially during the last three decades of the twenties century, after a climate of tension, a new international distension loose up new opportunities for businesses and ventures, new markets were found available to be explored and offered new competitive advantages to companies, (Hutton 2002). The re-design of the organisational structure bring in fact some effects within the socio-economical system where it is embedded. International markets got crowded pressure and arguing increased forcing companies to redesign their organisation. To face this turbulent environment Trist et al proposean alternative design based on the redundancies of functions for individual they create role rather mere jobs for the organisation they bring into being a variety-increasing system rather than the traditional control by variety reduction(through) continuing development of distinguish new values concerned with improving the quality of working life by keeping the technological determinants of worker behaviour to a minimum in order to satisfy social and psychological needs by the involvement of all. Autonomous working groups, collaboration instead competitions, and reduction of hierarchical emphasis, are some of the requirements for operating effectively in modern turbulence (in Pugh & Hickson 1996182 -emphasis added)As stated by Trist within this notional pattern, autonomous work group is an essential ingredient for the effective organising.Discussion and conclusionThe role of management seems to be an essential component to the achievement of the go around match within the system for both Blackler and Brown (1978), and Fox (1995), whilst strangely, STS approac h does not seems to explicitly address neither the problem of management, nor those of managerial control. Differently, Knights & McCabe (2000) exploring what team working means for employees lives within an automobile manufacture company, affirm that employees as well as managers are equal to(p) of exercise power interpreting and reinterpreting management strategies. Stressing the accent on autonomy, managerial role need to be redefined to support and favourite tasks of group members.Accordingly, to meet autonomous work group needs a manager should be a good diagnostician, trying to be flexible enough to understand and to vary their own behaviour in relation to the needs of their subordinates (Schein 1994). Nevertheless, it is useful remember that individuals needs are not just meet through groups, they have another set of necessity that are fulfilled outside the group, alone, as well as with a friend. What I am addressing here is what Costea and Crump called the standardisation of individual -or better how to make an individual as unique as its mate (2003). In other words to be effective in self managing groups members have to maintain their equilibrium that permits them to keep and evolve its personality members are not asked to follows rules, rather to make decisions. For this reasonOften, the practical one does not confirm what in faculty member setting appear feasible from a conceptual level. Even for the best social scientist it is quite hard, if not impossible, individuate a priori the huge amount of forces arising from the combination of interests and pressure groups in which his theory will become part. In practical conditions, sociotechnical projects sometimes failed because they subordinate human criteria to the dictates of efficiency or because they become victim of a political conflicts (Blackler, 1982 Kelly, 1978 Sydow, 1985 Pasmore, 1995 in Moldaschl & Weber 1998), making it often impossible to translate joint optimisation of human goals and e fficiency into reality. Although mainly consisting of psychologist of work and organisation, the classical Tavistock representatives of the STS approach does not regard its primary goal to be the far reaching consideration of human criteria in the design process of a work system. earlier they strive for an optimal compromise between technical, economic, and human work design objectives (Moldaschl & Weber 1998362).Changing our analysis from a classical to more contemporaneous perspective, a diverse slant come from the observation that self managing groups are still effective, but they loose their grip on organisation when have to deal with the no-routine office work of management and professional -being these set of practices developed for linear work systems (Fox 1995).Diverse from Pugh and Hickson (1986), Fox notes that not always the use of autonomous work group seems to be purloin, in fact the creation of recticular organisation (characterised by a fluid distribution of informa tion and authority that changes are required) may be appropriatein some non linear work systems (1995103). STS concepts have contributed to improve design and redesign of many work systems, however most of the successful experiences occurred in well-defined linear systems-characterised by a sequential process of input-output, rather in unclear defined non-linear system -where the absence of the in-out property makes it difficult to separate different conversion flows into well-bounded entities (Pava, 1986). Nevertheless, a major revolution is not required to broaden the applicability of STS principlesModifying the practices employed in STS design to include non-linear work systems is consistent with the essential precepts of STS design open system analysis, a best match of social and technical subsystems, redundant functions over redundant parts, systemic interrelatednessships between design factors, self-design, and searing specification (Pava 211).In this capacity to adapt itself in both changing organisational requirements and environment, I think should be recognised the bigger strength of STS. Becoming this adaptability without distort any principle, the approach seems to be relevant curiously nowadays, seeking organisations new means of empowerment to boost the productivity in increasingly turbulent environment.A final consideration is due to the work Manz who argue, the future of self-managing groups seems be oriented to lead workers to lead themselves (1992). During this movement toward a self-leading team type of work design, the latter identify some contingency factors relevant to this rebirth such as nature of workers work context new manufacturing techniques environment and organisational system. However, this model seems more likely applicable in such culture where both high trust to workers and decentralisation of power is given -i.e. UK as opposite to Japan and Germany.In fact, Movement toward self-leading team work likely to require prodigi ous involvement of the work force in determining the direction of the organisation as well as carrying out that direction, and the opportunity for the work teams to influence that direction, especially as it relates to their specific work performance (Manz 1992). within this framework, it possible imagine shift from traditional & participative leadership to a self management role of leader, in doing it, the new role will be to lead members group to lead themselves (Manz & Sims 1987). Being both the power shifting from managers to team members, and the latter able to distinguish true managerial aptitudes from artificial (Knights & McCabe 2000), a certain amount of resistance from the former could be assumed. It leads to pay attention on the way in which managers implement these set of practices.In conclusion, due to its adaptability to technological innovations, and its flexibility in linear and non linear systems autonomous work group could seems even more actual today than during the second half of the second century. Its republican principles and the democratic way in which tasks are thought and accomplished, seems to make this system the most appropriate within those political environment in which principles of democracy are used. This thesis seems reinforced from the growth of lean systems and consequently from practices as Just in Time, Business Process Re-engineering, or Total Quality Management in those organisational setting where work design diverse from human centred.On the base of both the literature proposed, and the assumption resting on this paper, an important feature seems emerge. For those organisations pursuing human relations and democratic policies, autonomous work group permits both individual and organisations to pursue their own interests. Not just offering the opportunity to decrease alienation filling their social needs to the former, and to reduce practice such as of absenteeism, sabotage, and achieve that commitment and loyalty, to the latter.Rather it seems the best compromise between capitalism and working class since the first industrial revolution to nowadays. An effective tool capable to improves and re-defines the boundaries of the psychological contract and consecutively boosts productivity and reduces costs. To create effective self-managing groups become central the role of top management in planning and develop a long-term program made of unbroken investment in work design research, and in staff and management programs (Pearson 1992). It will allow a deep understanding about the dynamics of members needs, a constant design, a re-negation of the task requirements, and to avoid both mismanagement, and the establishment of repetitive alienating tasks.Finally, to figure out this sophisticated topic, a broader research should analyse the interrelation and influences of related issue such as identifications role of control ideology of team, politico-economic and socio-cultural peculiarity of the society in which the organisation will decide to implement self management group working.Within this system, autonomous work group seems to be not a problem to be solved, rather a solution to deal today with the confluence of tensions resulting from yesterdays decisions.