Impact of Climate Change on Food Security

pic pic CASESTUDY SOLOMON ISLANDS NAME LIZZIE IMMACULATE. TEGU ID S11053489 Course codification GE302 DUE DATE week -13- 2011 Lecturer Dr. Tamarisi Yabaki INTRODUCTION Agricultural arna was the around important bea for the frugality. It accounts for just close to 30% of the GDP. Agricultural exportation is a study tooth etymon of export earnings and it is the briny source of employment and musical accompaniment in the unsophisticated atomic number 18as. farming consists of three sub-sectors subsistence sm aloneholder farming, a commercial sub-sector, and bouffant beations (Central Bank of Solomon Is reposes, 2006, Annual hide 2005).On the former(a) hand, the modality of the Solomon Is cut backs is changing and citizenry atomic number 18 presently experiencing diversify magnitude in potency or severity of peak in timets the like cyclones, ram zoom alongs, floods and dr show uphs. These extreme events are make substantial damage to farming and associ ated infrastructure with negative stupor on forage work. In which, thither is interpolate magnitude concern over the consequences of modality tilt on nourishment fruit amongst the peaceable Is putting sur reflexionwealth Countries, Solomon Islands for vitrine.Already, the changing hold patterns is having close to relieve oneself s cover fertility, blokes and di oceanses, increase hitionateness taste on plants, miscellanys in rainfall and s vegetable fossil oil moisture, flavor peeing insight from rising sea- take aims and increased damage on horticulture and molds from extreme weather events (Baragamu, G. 2008). Well, in this report it impart focus on the lay outs of mood change on the cultivation b low gearup in Solomon Islands. However, the rese sozzled depart concentpace looked at the regimen auspices and land specifically isolated from livestock, slanteries, and forestry as a part of land as sanitary.Besides, the research looks at how set up of mood changes affect land , and result in change magnitude of prov remnanter crops much(prenominal) as taro, banana, sweet potatoes, Pineapple, coconut tree, and so on. Statement of the caper Well, this research project go a representation mainly focus on the modality change and its effect on the outlandish expansion in SIDS. The conundrum that this research tried to bring it pop out is that, how do the SIDS go forth cope with drastic effect of mode change if thither is no enough land left for horticulture to expand, for ideal sea- aim lands are covered cod to sea- train face lift Ontong coffee for good examples.And to a fault what take placeed if the crops are bear upon ascribable to increased of temperature, and humidness where it encourage the plants to die out collectable to lack of hole-and-corner(a) water, and also encourage of pestiss to damage the crops, whilst it change magnitude the boorish takes in the rustic. It falls to spill of the GDP of the economy, poverty that throng forget experience. In which it is a bother for Solomon Islands, therefore these research depart ask on the problem, and dress with a feasible solutions to help them to withdraw with problem.Signifi clearce of the athletic field The signifi bottomlandce of this research is that, to set out the most problems, and gainsays that face by the Solomon Islands in foothold of their farming(a) expansion as result of temper change, and how it blockage the farming development at the community basis or level and to provide close to attainable solutions to help them to cope with the changing humour. BACKGROUND INFROMATION The country had an estimated world of 508,000, there were nine lands in the country Malaita is the most populous and Renbel the least populous.The population of Solomon Islands is predominantly Melanesian ( just about(predicate)(predicate) 95%) although there are smaller Polynesian, Micronesian, Chinese and Europea n communities ( Solomon Islands field census statistic, 2007). more thanover, the economy is largely dependent on culture, forestry, and fishing. For a laid-back proportion of the population (mainly village-based), the Solomon Islands economy involves the end product of subsistence sustenances and whatsoever other items for personal consumption.The main item of production for cash at the village level is copra (the dried flesh of coconut), ex spotly also signifi ejectt in many lands is deep brown, securities industry vege bows and marine products including fish and shells. Export commodities include gold, copra, wood and fish products, and hot chocolate (Judith A. Bennett 1978) Solomon Islands is a low-lying sloping troughal country that shares similar sustainable development challenges, including small population, remoteness, aptitude to native disasters, vulnerability to external shocks, and spendthrift dependence on planetary trade and foreign aid.Besides, Sol omon Islands find particular problems and concerns in dealing with the effect of humor change, variability and extreme events, and mood change will be a major(ip) impediment to the get toment of sustainable development in Solomon Islands. As all economic and social sectors are likely to be perversely touch, and the cost of translation will be disproportionately richly, congenator to gross domestic product (GDP) (World Bank, 2000). GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION & INFORMATIONThe Solomon Islands is located betwixt latitudes 5o South and 12o South and longitudes 1520 East and 1630 East in the peaceable Ocean, include a broad(a) land domain of 28, 785 square kilometres (km-2) and an Exclusive economic Zone(EEZ) of 1. 34 million km-2. The land area of the Solomon Islands consists of a double mountain range of six large islands that make up total 997 islands. The double grasp of islands is described as a fragmented island arc situated on the boundary surrounded by the Ontong Jav a Plateau-Central pacific Basin and the Solomon sea-Woodlark-Torres Basins.A composite lavabo sepa marks the double chain of islands that make up the main archipelago of the Solomon Islands and is the segment of the Melanesian Island arch complex that sepa ranges the Pacific Ocean from the Coral sea and Solomon Sea (Geography. about Solomon 2005). Map of Solomon Islands pic Sourcehttp//maps. google. com/maps? hl=en&biw=1276&bih=820&bav=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. &wrapid=tlif130062192869311&q=google+map+of+solomon) OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH To set about out the make of mode change on the agricultural production specifically on the pabulum protective cover. To find out whether the halt of agricultural expansion affect the livelihood and nation as a whole. To find out the challenges or problems that Solomon Islanders or farmers were facing referable to temper change. To influence adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the effect of clime change, local and national level. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Kenneth M, and Joel S (1995), they highlighted that agricultural production could flow in umpteen countries, low-lying land especially in deltas could make full by sea-level mount.Thus, they said that, climate change could cause ontogeny countries to fall farther behind develop countries. In which they provide events, that agricultural output in numerous developing may be trim back by climate change compared to what it would be without it, while many developed nations could have increased output, because high dependence on climate dainty systems, and rapid population prepareth, cause developing countries will be more(prenominal) than compromising to climate change than developed countries.Besides that, he mention that, countries with large agricultural productions in deltas, such as Egypt, Bangladesh, and China are curiously vulnerable for a 1m sea level raising, in which he hatful will be at risk because they depend on agric ulture for food and monetary purposes. In which Solomon Islands experience the similar problems as verbalise by the devil authors. Well, in addition to that, in the coming decades, many low-lying areas, and plain areas in Solomon Islands will almost certainly digest from more frequent and glowing droughts and floods, which will bring low turnouts and capabilityly send away forest clearance.Moreover, jibe to Aalbersberg, W. , Nun, P. D. , and Ravuvu, A. D. (1993), depositd that climate change has the spectacular effect on agriculture in a sense that increased temperatures will cause heat stress on many plants, and increased vapor may lead to increased drought, especially in drier areas during the run dry out season. Besides that, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide will increase plant maturation faster fruit will also littleen fourth dimension maturity. This could abate yields and perhaps food values. Weeds will also grow faster, competing with plants for water an d soil nutrients, and areas of agriculture would shift.Due to thawing upland area could be planted with crops that previously could non be grown there. Sea-level rise will claim semivowelal land that is currently for agriculture by means of inundation or salination where it affect the expansion of agriculture whilst it cause the charge to accelerate, and the economy of the SIDS will be drop. To more extent, other factors bear on agricultural output may change in a warmer, more humid south-west Pacific. The carry onrence of agricultural pests may increase causing lower yields and increased loss during storage.His sum up with one pedagogy which is, Farmers are likely to be less(prenominal)(prenominal) productive as temperature and humidity increase. Well, there are ship canal that the authors highlight to reduce climate change in terms of agriculture, for example Network internationally, it was global research to find out cultivars that are less sensitive to heat, sodium ch loride and drought stress, and it required technological developments that help us the pacific to address these problems. However, it is non applicable for the Solomon Islands for instance, because it was really expensive in sense that it required professionals to deal with this kind of experiment and very demand.And also, they didnt interpretn the underlying issues of tolerateance to heat, salt because pacific islands are surrounded by oceans, and even though they find those cultivars but they do non suite the climate conditions in the pacific. The bed cover of this research is the way forward to achieve the sustainable agriculture where it not cause climate change on the other hand whilst it will adapt to the changing environment rather than emphasis on the school technology with the solutions that loafernot applicable for theSIDS, Solomon Islands for instance. Nevertheless, look carefully on the simple methods that agriculture could expand but does not create any green f amily unit gases as well. METHODOLOGY The completion of this report was extracting from a wide manikin of sources, which included quantitative and qualitative data. They highlight below under individually sub-heading. In addition, the sample size of the population that interviewed are fifteen (15) two students and working staff for sponsoring ideas for substantiate some ideas collect from the tributary sources.Quantitative Method Quantitative is a numerical data in which it is gathered and self-contained from the interviewees and from the secondary sources for example, collected data from the internet about the total agricultural production that damaged collectible(p) to effects of climate change. Besides, collected hack of temperature, and also the amount of rainfall from all(prenominal)(prenominal) meteorological range in Solomon Islands. Hence, the info gathered, and the sources of entropy will be summaries in the table below. Sources Types of selective informat ion Primary data Secondary data meshing add agricultural production that damaged Trend of temperature Amount of rainfalls Rate of change in sea level height However, there were elusiveies and challenges faced during the collections of range of a functions, in which the throws collected from the internet and books were general to understand and analysed in order to ointment out the relevant figures. Besides, the sample size of the research did not achieve the accurate results because the sample size was very small. QUALITATIVE METHOD qualitative is typically non-numeric data in which it gathered during data collection. There were many sources of information collected finished websites, books, Library, interviews, observation and so forth. Below summaries the types of information gathered and their source. Sources Types of information Primary data Secondary data Internet & Grounded theory Information for the literature look into Google witnesss of the s ite Effects of climate changes Impact of climate change Geographical information for Solomon Islands Relevant information on the effects of climate change Library books Literature review addition information on the topic questions& questionnaires Effect of climate changes in Solomon Islands In terms of the agricultural productions specifically on food certification Suggestions of newfound strategies adaptations for development sustainability Observation Damaged of crop productions Lecture handouts Report format However, there were difficulties and challenges faced while searching for the information because there was very general information gathered for the literature review. Besides, the questionnaire are not properly answered due to some students did not understand what climate change is. To more extent, the questionnaires are delay to give it back, thus it delayed to carry out my report in time. Despite of the cha llenges and difficult faced, the information was accessible and available. RESULTS AND FINDINGSSolomon Islands has a climate humid and warm with mean daily maximum temperature of about 300 ? C and a mean daily nominal of about 230 ? C. Rainfall distribution is quite varied with annual mean(a) rainfall normally ranges from3000mm to 5000mm. Often drought in the country is associated with the El Nino southerly Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO). From about December to March, a period of west to north-westerly monsoonal perfumes and vast rainfall cornerstone expected as well as a period where tropic cyclones form and affect the islands. The south-east trade winds (SE trades) blows from somewhat May to October and trigger high rainfall particularly on the deckwind side of the islands (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). frame of reference 1. 0. Shows The annual mean temperature trends for two locations indicate a warming trend since the 1950s. This is consistent with warming trend elsewhere in the Pacific islands region. pic pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com The higher up two figures obviously indicated the warming trend of two main stations in Solomon Islands since 1950. The best salvo maximum temperature rough starting from 29. 0 C and gradually upward, while the minimum temperature approximately from 22. 0 C and upward. So by telling that because of the mean, it seen the temperature was gradually increasing with respects to the number of social classs.Therefore, because of the positive changing in temperature it would actually rock-bottom yields of agriculture crops especially taro, potatoes and so forth on the coastal lowlands, and fires can also result from burning of debris in shifting agriculture systems. Moreover, The Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter government activityal Panel on Climate commute (AR4) estimates that sea-level rise over the bear century was 1. 7+ 0. 5mm/yr. However, from 1961-2003, the average rate of sea level rise is estimated at 1. 8+ 0. 5mm/yr. world-wide projection of sea level rise estimated by AR4 ranges from 0. 18m to 0. 59m (IPCC 2007). Thermal expansion accounts for about 75% of the total sea level rise (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). Figure 2. 0.Shows the rate of sea level rise in the last 10 years up to 2006 from satellite records. In the southwest Pacific (Melanesia region), the rate of change of sea level height as measured by satellites over the 10 years was at 8-10mm/yr, approximately three clock the global average. In more recent measurements of sea level in Solomon Islands from 1994 up to June 2008, indicates the net relative sea level trend at 7. 6mm/yr, which two-time average of the trend up to June 2007. pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com It cl previous(predicate), aimn to a higher place in the global map with respects to scale and colour signify the raising sea level due to the climate change. Moreover focuses ainly on Paci fic Ocean especially Solomon islands, and from the map, Solomon Islands is located between latitudes 50 South and cxx South and longitudes 1520 East and 1630 East in the Pacific Ocean. So the colouration that represent the region is somewhere between the scales reading of 3-9 mm per years. So evidently, Solomon Islands facing the sea level rising which causes salt-water intrusion, storm surge and swamp in low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Java are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. Figure 3. 0. While temperature records show a largely warming trend, rainfall records show a downward(prenominal) trend.Rainfall trend for seven meteorological stations in Solomon Islands. pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com From the graphs in a higher place shows the rainfall trend for the seven meteorological stations in Solomon Islands from each year. Likewise, it showed the amount of rainfall from each obligations in Solomon Is lands as well, where in some provinces the amount of rainfall were increasing from1960s , Auki for instance as shown in the map. Therefore, the higher up station evidently had shown the downward trend of rainfall due to the changing of climate. As compare to the pass years from 1950 the amount of rainfall increase, while in the current years the amount of rainfall going downward.The trend of best- satisfy line is downward, which indicate the decrease in amount of rainfall, and raise the temperature, where could change the pattern of the environment system. So this may result in high intensity storm events, increased evaporation and more pronounced dry seasons, could have unvoiced feigns on agriculture crop production and intense rainfall during lay seasons could damage seedlings, reduce growth and provide conditions that set up plant pests and illnesss. Moreover, below were the results from the 15 interviewees on the effect of climate changes and its impact on the agricultura l productions in Solomon Islands. turn off 1. Show the number of the interviewees views on the objectives of the research topic. Temperature 4 The effect of climate change on Sea level Rise agricultural expansion in Solomon Islands Rainfall Cyclone 9 Drought Flood Tsunami Storm surge 2 What will happen if the agricultural National level 8 expansion ebb? less(prenominal) production to export Decreased in GDP of the economy price of the production increase due to less supply Local level 7 Less in put in earning Less production in the domestic food marketplace Decrease in food supply leading to the increase of prices, thus creating poverty to low ncome earners Rural villagers wont make pay or money leading to the increase in poverty rate Determine the challenges or problems Decrease in food supply 5 Increase in food prices Decrease in employment rate Poverty 3 Diseases Hinder standard of living Water famine f or irrigation 1 Decrease in GDP of the economy due to less agricultural 6 production Decline in place get power Decline in income basis for household Determine adaptation and mitigation Adaptation strategies 3 strategies to cope with the effect of Diversify get back crops. climate change, local and national level. Select crops and cultivars that tolerate stresses Increase support for plant breeding programs. Broaden genetic base of traditional food crops. Develop locally adapted crops. Adopt agro-forestry practises. 5 conjure up low tillage and permanent soil cover on agricultural lands. pass water safe food storage facilities. Identify alternative food sources including imports. investigate on farming systems including soil/land husbandry. 3 Mitigation strategies Promote adaptive management approaches. Increase public awareness about potential impacts on agriculture and food security. Review breeding strategies and regulations concerning varieties 4 change by reversal and seed distribution Support agriculture research especially on traditional food crops. Encourage and support local processing of food crops The table had shown clearly the views of the interviewee about the climate change in Solomon Islands. There a maximum of 15 hoi polloi, response to the questions and their views a arranged preceding(prenominal) in the table. More over most of them their views a similar, because of the reality that occur now in the country Solomon islands. Thus, they grouped according to their similarities on the responses. Besides, you can see that many interviewees answer some of the questions and a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) students answer some of the questions, but it based on what they experience that they see in the Solomon Islands about the effects of climate change, some of their perceptions on the mitigations and adaptations as indicated above.Hence, some of their respon ses shown above are clearly stated that they really experience the consummate(a) effects of climate change in their homes in Solomon Islands, and suffered all-embracingly from the impacts, westward Solomon for instance where they heated by the Tsunami in 2007, in which they lived in poverty for a long period before they recovered. By saying this because, they lost their farms some(prenominal) subsistence and commercial farming, and the entire valuable belongings, house, and stuffs inside are damaged due to the drastic event. Figure 4. Shows the succinct of the table into graph in ploughshare pic The pie chart showed the component of the responses, and by looking at the graph, it showed that, 75 percentages of the responses were powerfully agreed that effect of climate change had a great impacts on food security, 20 % of the responses were fair in weighing the effects of climate change and other factors.And 5 % they did not sure of the effects of climate change on food securit y. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND EXPANSION IN SOLOMON ISLANDS Table 2 a. Table shows the effect of climate change on agricultural productions that collected from the interviewees views and from other research findings in Solomon Islands. Direct effect of climate change Impacts Cyclone increase intensity/frequency of cyclones could have salient effects on agriculture and food production that often lasts for many years. Also, after the immediate effects, pests and diseases could come in later damaging the newly grow crops. For examples, Cyclone Namu in 1986 had dramatic effects on commercial agriculture (palm oil and rice) in Solomon Islands, particularly rice production has not recovered, and there is now a overweight reliance on imported rice. Rural mint go through downfall of food security due to the event. Drought Drought in different localised parts of the country, as influenced by ElNino and La Nina in 1987 people under go a long period of droughts , had a great impacts on food production cause crops to die due to less underground water for the crop to absorb Agricultural systems were seriously affected by drought conditions, and increased air temperature. Coconut trees and pandanus trees, which are most resilient to dry conditions, wither away during prolonged droughts.Other crops breadfruit, banana and teras swamp taro are in a worse state Floods Cyclone Namu in 1986, implosion therapy the crops both subsistence and commercial crops, fall in food security for the people, and export commodities as well. Damaged the entire farm, e. g. the crops are underground. drift the root crops to rotten, e. g. cassava, sweet potatoes, taro, vegetables and so on. Flooding low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Java are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. It smear the production , and it affect the local markets in urba n areas because less production they sold in the market, and it cause the price of the crops to accelerated, where even the goods in the shop are cheap as compared to the cultivated crops. Storm surge and swamp in low-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Storm surge Java, Tikopia, Anuta are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. Tsunami process away crops, such as coconut, sweet potatoes, and vegetables and so on in the western part of Solomon Islands in 2007. Table 1b. Shows the indirect effects of climate change Indirect Impact of Climate veer Impacts Temperature Increased temperatures A correlation has been found between rising temperatures and decreased yields of taro on the coastal lowlands of Makira (Legu 2006). Fires can also result from burning of debris in shifting agriculture systems, Malaita, Solomon Islands. Changes in rainfall, high intensity storm events, increased evaporation and more pro nounced dry Rainfall seasons, could have severe impacts on agriculture crop production Intense rainfall during planting seasons could damage seedlings, reduce growth and provide conditions that promote plant pests and diseases More pronounced dry seasons, warmer temperature and greater evaporation on the other hand could induce plant stress reducing productivity and glean and subsequently, affect food security. The alternate scenario of increased rainfall could have equally severe impacts with waterlogged soils decreasing agricultural production, while increased humidity and rainfall could provide ideal conditions for the proliferation of a number of plant pathogens. E. g.Malaita province in Solomon Islands These conditions could lead to declining agricultural production and this would adversely affect both the countrys economy and food security Plants flowering precedent than usual while others are fruiting much later than normal during the pas t 3-4 years Pineable for instance. Southeast trade winds that were still blowing at end October when traditionally this would have ended in August/September each year. Whilst these people agree that climate change may have something to do with these changes, it was difficult for them to determine the extent such changes were influenced by climatic conditions and variations. Sea level rise Sea Level Rise and Coastal corroding is becoming more evident, reducing the area of land available for agriculture either directly through loss of agricultural land or indirectly due to families moving upgrade from the coast and taking up agricultural land, E. g. western Solomon Islands, and artificial Islands. This erosion also increases vulnerability of agricultural land to rapid onset disasters such as cyclones and storm surges due to the reduction in the natural barrier functions from changes in coastal profiles Salt-water intrusion, storm surge and flooding in lo w-lying coastal areas of the main islands and the atolls such as Ontong Java are already threatening food crops and livelihoods. The above tables summarize the results collected from the interviewees on the effects of climate change on the agricultural expansion, to the extent, food security. Well there were two tables above which is figure 1a and b, and they were categorize in two different sub headings which is direct effects and indirect effects of climate change as shown clearly.Seeing that they affected the food security in both ways, which is the Solomon Islanders are experience food peril and less production for export especially, cocoa, copra, and oil palm for instance. Take for example climate change affect our food security directly as shown above, where by the crops were damaged instantly at the spot when the event strike, and lessen the foods for the household and as well as the productions at the national level in the Solomon Islands. While indirectly effects h appened in another way around, where as a result of the sea level rise, it cause salt intrusion and coastal erosion, which lead to less land along the coast for crops and cash crops, cocoa for instance to grow. Table 2 shows the crops that are vulnerable to climate change as stated by the interviewees. crops Effects taro root Easily destroyed by cyclone Sweet Potatoes Damaged by flooding Cassava Damaged by High intensity of rainfall and cyclone umber Damaged by flooding Coconut Destroyed by sea level rise Pineable High intensity of rainfalls where it delay the flowering , and as well as the reapinging Cabbage Spoiled the leaves to rotten lusus naturae swamp Taro Cause to turn icteric colour due to salt intrusion, less underground water Yam High rainfalls, and cyclone cause the crop to rotten, and damaged Pana High rainfalls and cyclone Palm Oil Flooding due to intensity rainfalls This table showed the type of crops that are vulnerable to climate change, for examp le Taro, Cassava in which they can easily destroyed by the cyclones and high intensity of rainfall. During cyclones, there always be a strong wind and associate with heavy rain falls, whereby it totally damaged the taro leaves into pieces, and the cracking from the sea can cause the taro leaves to turn yellow due to the high intensity of salt, Thus, it cause the Taro corm to rotten.Besides, the strong wind also damaged the Cassava stalk. If the cassava is premature in which it affect the root crops to small in size for the layer of maturity or if not it cannot yield or have no root crops anymore, because it disturbed the growth. Moreover, cocoa, oil palm and coconut are the major cash crops in Solomon Islands and, they exceedingly vulnerable to sea level rise and flooding result from eroding of coastal land or coastal erosion where it dug the coconuts out, and flooding could wiped the cocoa and oil palm out due to the great superpower of the current. along the same line, it dig s the riverbanks and causes the cocoa along the rivers to wash down along the river.Figure 4 shows the percentages of agricultural productions that affected due to the effects of climate change from 2004 to 2007. pic Source Central Bank of Solomon Islands, 2006, Annual Report 2005 The figure above obviously had shown the outcomes of agriculture production that was affects by the climate change as from 2004 to 2007 both subsistence and commercial. Well the output affects product was increases accordingly, like in 2004, the affected products percentage was 21%, 24% for 2005, followed by 25% for 2006 and 30% for 2007 and as it continues the percentage will increases accordingly. This is because of the changes in temperature and rainfall and the occurrence of equatorial cyclones in Solomon Islands.Now day families and communities experience inadequate supply of food from their garden, which leads to the hold products supply due to the following experiences Yield from staple fruits tr ees is not adapted to meet the food fates of the population and this problem is exacerbated by natural cycle and weather pattern changes. Yield from roots crops is not fitting to meet the food needs of the population because of declining soil fertility and woeful choice of root crop varieties. Yield from supplementary sources of food (bush, and gardens) have declined because of climate change and sea level rise. Less production export in which it decrease the GDP of the economyIn addition, coastal garden areas (mainly taro patches) were inundate by seawater for long period, and caused the swamp taro tubers to turn yellow and bitter rendering them not suitable for Consumption. Hence, Seawater flooding also affected the quantity and quality of potable water supply that could be exacerbated by drought conditions. Thus for Ontong Java sea-level change and its tender consequences are already being go through. DISCUSSION Well agriculture sector was the backbone of the pacific is lands countries, particularly Solomon Islands because it accounts and contributes in to the economic sector with higher percentage of the GDP.Not only that but it was also accommodated the daily and sustainability of earning for the rural people (Legu, M. 2006). Therefore, it is a concern for every people and well as government to take action, adaption and mitigation strategies on this issue of growing climate changes on the food security and agriculture production. Refer to figure 1. 0. It depict out the increasing minimum and maximum temperature of two main islands, Malaita and Guadalcanal of Solomon islands since the 1950s. Besides, the best fit maximum temperature approximately from 29. 0 ? C and gradually upward, while the minimum temperature approximately from 22. 0 ? C and upward.From that, you can see that best fit is continuously increasing from 1950s to 2007, likewise from 2007 to 2011 in which the temperature might 30. 0 ? C from the estimation from the figure. Besides, t he figure 1. 0 was true because it back up the evidence from the interviewees, where they said that they experienced droughts, and hot session not like before. Where, some of the grasslands in Guadalcanal province were in flame, due to the friction between the grasses itself and the hot weather. These lead to the big destruction on the crops due to the burning, and diminish the growth of the agricultural crops because of inadequate nutrients and ground water to the support the growth of the crops.Increased temperatures resulted in a correlation has been found between rising temperatures and decreased yields of taro on the coastal lowlands of Makira (Legu 2006). Fires can also result from burning of debris in shifting agriculture systems. For example, in 1997 and 1998 ENSO, people experienced a long period of drought , result in starve due to poor quality of crops because they are affected by disease because they breed in dry session, sweet potatoes for instance, and so on, where o nly fewer crops have left, in which it reduced in food supply for the household consumption (Legu 2006). Besides, swamp water for the Giant swamp Taros were dried up, and they are dead due to no water for them to keep alive and as well rice farms.Whilst, it reduced in food security and even the production, rice for instance for both daily consumption and export were affected. Along the same line, in 2002, they experienced the long sunshine period due to effects of climate change, and it has the great effect on food security in a sense that increased temperatures will cause heat stress on many plants, and increased evaporation may lead to increased drought, especially in drier areas during the dry season, (Personal Interview of Dr. Morgan). Hence, it affected the food production to be less in the central market in Honiara, where it causes the price of the crops too expensive for the urban dwellers especially for the low-income earners. Moreover, according to figure 2. 0.It shows the rate of sea level rise in the last 10 years up to 2006 from satellite records. In the southwest Pacific (Melanesia region), and Solomon Islands is one of them. Likewise, the record indicates that from 1994 to 2008 the relative trend of sea level rise is 7. 6 mm per year for Solomon Islands (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). Well, estimated from 2008 to 2011 where the global trend of the seal level rise is 1. 1 mm per year, in which absolutely it rise to 11 mm according to the record from the estimation. In addition, sea level rise spoil the swamp Taros and cause intrusion to the leaves to turn yellow because it resist to salination, and even the corm of the swamp Taros (Kakake) are perished.Hence it affect the food security to reduce and some household experienced longing during flooding, and diseases, because this food can substituted alternatively of high land taro, and sweet potatoes and so on for their survival. besides, it signifies that coastal land are eroding, wher e it reduced the size of the land to plant coconut and cocoa Plantations where they used to reside along the coast in which they found land areas to plant. To more extent, from the responses of the interviewees, it shows that sea level rise and Cyclones and storm surges was a major problem especially the low-lying coast in Solomon Islands especially, Ontong Java, Tikopia, Anuta, western Solomon, and Yankee Solomon. For example, a storm in early 2006 coinciding with high tides caused extensive floods on the two permanently inhabited islands, Luaniua and Pelau.And Ontong Java considered highly vulnerable to cyclones due to the high exposure and sensitivity to impacts from flooding, dependence on few crops (mainly coconuts and taro) and wind-sensitive house constructions. In addition, from the interviewees, especially the students from western part of Solomon Islands, they said that, they experienced the great massive of destruction on the agricultural productions and as well taking l ife of human. For example, in 2007, the Tsunami heats the coastal area in western Solomon and split the villages into half, and washed away the crops along the coast, and they experienced great hunger ever in their lives that they did not experienced in life before. (Personal Interview with students). Below is the picture of the Tsunami in 2007. picpic Source by Calwin, 2007As you can see from the picture above, the Tsunami split the Coconut Plantation, and all the coconut trees along the coast were washed away, and with their homes. The impacts result in coastal erosion, and eroded of the large area of land that planted by coconut and cocoa trees, and the sea come through the inner part of the land and washed ? part of the plantation away. Likewise, it results in shortage of supplies to the main centre for exporting, because less coconut and cocoa ripe fruits collected for dryer. Hence, it reduced the revenue coming into the country for increased the economy in terms of the GDP, t his is because coconut and cocoa are original products and main source of export from Solomon Islands.Well, it affected the household income basis because less income received from the transporting of the dryer coconut flesh and dry and miserly cocoa beans, result in hindrance for their livelihood in terms of living standard. Likewise, they suffered from the drastic event until today. Furthermore, agricultural productivity in PICs is hard dependent on the seasonal rainfall. About 70% of the gross cropped area in the Pacific Islands is geographically located to benefit from rains in the summer season (November April). Well, most of the rural population in Solomon Islands lived and cultivated crops in areas where annual rainfall was in the range 18003500 mm.In mountainous locations where clouds formed early in the day and reduced sunlight, human settlement and agriculture was generally absent. Localities where the annual rainfall was more than 4000 mm tend to be lactating and h ave too much cloud covered for good agricultural production. The variation of the normal rainfall can have many impacts to the agriculture products like shift of rainfall patterns affect planting time, growing stages, harvest periods, post harvesting storage and drastically reduced the total yield (World Bank, 2000). Cocoa production is widely distributed throughout Solomon Islands, grown in all provinces except Rennel/Bellona, which makes cocoa the second most important cash crop after coconut.The high rainfall in production areas led to severe outbreaks of the Black-pod disease having devastating effects on production ( personal interviews with student). Agriculture and crop productions were under stress from these climatic factors but it remains difficult to predict the likely outcomes with certainty because of limited empirical data for the Solomon Islands. These can affected the local food consumption and the total exports of products per year, which also contributed to the dec line in country GDP. Hence, by observation the most destructive impacts of excessive rainfall on agriculture infrastructure and crops are flooding and water logging.For example, Cyclone Namu in 1986 had dramatic effects on commercial agriculture (palm oil and rice), and in Solomon Islands, particularly rice production has not recovered, and there is now a heavy reliance on Imported rice (personal interviewed with Dr. Morgan, 2011). other example, flooding in 2009-caused damage to gardens and the oil palm and other outdoor(a) crops, these in fact lead to lose in output oil palm and other farmers loses. And affected the livelihood of the people both rural and urban dwellers, and even at the national level GDP for instance reduced because less merchandise to export (Lizzie Tegu, 2009). Below show some pictures in 2009 flooding in Solomon Islands and affected the outskirts of the Town Honiara, even further away from the City in Guadalcanal province. picpicSource shot by Lizzie Tegu, 2009 These pictures have taken during the flood in 2009 but just outskirt of the cities, and only few but not all pictures. Moreover, from the analysis of the interviewees views or responses from the tables, it come with the summary that, absolutely the food security was quick reduced due to the effects of climate change that discussed above. Well, it shown that, Solomon Islanders facing a great challenges and problems but they do not realized the real effects on the food security, in which they experienced less food for household consumption, and some urban dwellers experienced the price of the crops were increasing so fast from year to year.Imagine that even the crops were very expensive than the proceed food in the shops in Solomon Islands, where the price should decrease because there was no Taxes, labour cost on the crops, but it shown that the productions is reduced but they do not know the exact causes. In addition, from some findings shows that there are great percentage l ose from the agricultural production especially food security both in rural areas and outskirt of the city of Honiara. Where figure 4, give the actual data, each year the percentage of the crops were decreased due to cyclones, flooding, seal level rise, drought, and so on as indicate from the table above. As you can see below was the picture taken during the Cyclone that affected Tikopia, and Lordhowe (http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. com). pic Source http//www. SolomonIslandsNapa. pdf. om). From the responses, highlighted that, flooding was a major problem in Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal province where Honiara city is located, it have a great massive destruction on the Oil palm plantation, where it washed away the new seedlings and even dig out the big Oil palm trees and through the river to the seas. Where it results in low export of Oil palm to the global market and it really affected the GDP of the economy to fall and experience devaluate in currency. Besides, the sweet pota toes, melons, vegetables were damaged and covered with ground, and it happen every year in Solomon Islands during heavy rains associate with cyclones.Where it affected the food security to reduce, and daily income of the people halt and it affected the acquire power of the rural people for other necessities from the shops. The interviewees responses gave me clear picture that some of their places where they plant their crops covered with seas, Makira province in Solomon Islands for instance. Besides, the coconut and cocoa plantation really affected by the sea level rise because it would erode the coconut and cocoa trees into the sea and covered with seas today especially my home village, and it seen that the half bottom coconut was standing in the beach, but before there was a land mass that occupied with coconut plantations.Thus, it affect the owner of the plantations because their plantation size already reduce, and it can lessen the mature coconut fruits during their maturity st age to fall, where they can make 10 bags of coconut drier only to sell it for the Liver Company Limited for exporting. While before he can make 30 bags out of the plantation during one harvest. Likewise, it really shown the great changes on his output, and even the income he received also reduced as he expected for his family survival. Therefore, climate change was really a challenge to hinder the living of people in terms of the income they received from their productions, and to the extent, the production for exporting also reduced and it cause the GDP of the economy to fall. The adverse impacts on agriculture and food security are a major concern for many communities and/or villages.Evidence from changes in temperature and rainfall and the occurrence of tropical cyclones in Solomon Islands will have long-term effects on food production systems. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES Below are the suggestions from the interviewees and from other findings in Solomon Islands. a) Natio nal Food Security programme, food security issue is common to all service providers in the agriculture sector. b) Provincial Food Banks To mitigate and prepare against the effects of climate change such as cyclones, tsunamis, floods, and pest outbreaks, provincial food banks must be established at strategical sites. c) Crop diversification The introduction of various crops to boost food production and economic development in the country must continue. This activity can be one by all players in agriculture development. d) resistive crop species salt, drought, high rainfall, etc. Crop varieties that are tolerant to extreme effects of climate change must be identified and rapidly propagated and distributed to hot spots. e) Rapid Response to disasters exotic pests and diseases outbreaks, floods An agriculture rapid response center must be established to prepare for any disasters such as pest and disease outbreaks. f) Weather forecasting- Predicting outbreaks of pest and diseases on crops -Developing susceptibility and capability to predict weather patterns such as weather simulations and pest and disease outbreaks would reduce crop loses. ) Weather stations establishment at agriculture production areas The establishment of weather stations at agriculture field stations would ensure that data on rainfall, sunlight, and temperature are kept. This information is critical for crop production. h) National Urban Fruit Tree place Planting fruit trees in urban centers such as Honiara, Auki, Gizo, Kirakira, Buala, Lata, Taro, Tulagi, and Tingoa. This will serve two purposes as a source of fresh fruits and as beautification of the towns. It is vital for everyone in Solomon Islands to practices this adaptation and mitigation to improve their food security and even safe side during those drastic events happening in our country.Besides, government must work hard by giving out people to give awareness or workshops on the type of system in order to consume in the c ommunities in the provinces in Solomon Islands. CONCLUSION From the findings, it shown clearly that Climate change is a threat to Solomon Islands as it affected the livelihood of people both directly and indirectly in rural and urban areas in terms of hunger, decreased in household income, and affected their purchasing power because agriculture is the source of living in Solomon Islands. And, to the extent it affected the national level in the country as well due to decreased in GDP result from less merchandize export.Hence, Government and individuals should act on by looking for possible adaptation and mitigation strategies or adapt to the highlighted ones above to help each other, in order to minimize the impacts on the food security, and as well as the welfare of the nation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aalbersberg, W. , Nun, P. D. , and Ravuvu, A. D. 1993. Climate and agriculture in the Pacific islands future perspectives. Institute of Pacific Studies, Suva, Fiji. Strzepek, K. M and Smith, J. B . 1995. As climate changes International impacts and Implications. Cambridge University Press. New York, USA. FAO. 2010. Collaborative Changes A communion framework for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security. Rome, Italy. Judith A. Bennett, 1978, Culture of Solomon Islands. Solomon printed limited, Honiara. Legu, M. 006, NCSA UNFCCC inventorying Report, Honiara, Solomon Islands. World Bank, 2000. Adapting to Climate Change. Vol. IV in Cities, Seas and Storms, Managing Change in Pacific Island Economies. Papua New Guinea and Pacific Island Country Unit, The World Bank. IPCC (2001). Climate Change 2001 The Scientific Basis, available on line at http//www. grida. no/ climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/. Accessed 6th August from http//sustainableagriculture. net/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/nsac_climatechangepolicypaper_final_2009_07_16. pdf Accessed 6th August from http//www. ceepa. co. za/Climate_Change/index. html Accessed seventh August from http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/disc ussion/2007/11/16/DI2007111601638. tm Accessed seventh from http//www. faopacific. ws/Portals/167/publications/Current%20Updates/SAP%20publications/Vanuatu%20FAO%20climate%20change%20study. final. pdf Accessed 11th August from http/siteresources. worldbank. org/INTPACIFICISLANDS/Resources/summary_Voulme_IV_test. pdf. APPENDICES Questionnaires 1. What are the effects of climate change on the agricultural production in your country? 2. Do you think that agriculture sector in your country seriously affect by the effect of climate change? (Yes or No). If yes, then in what way. 3. What are some challenges or problems that SIDS were face due to the halt of agricultural expansion? 4.How do your people cope with the challenges or problems face by climate change on the agricultural development? 5. Do you think that halt of agricultural expansion affects life and nation as a whole? Give your reason. 6. Does your country have some possible ways to deal with these issues? Yes or No 7. What are some possible ways or solutions to address the challenges or problems in your country? 8. Do you think that Agriculture contributes a lot in the economic growth of the country? State your reason. 9. Do you think that climate change is the major problem on Agricultural expansion in SIDS? 10. What do you think if the agriculture did not expand? 11.What are some ways to improve or increase the country is GDP if Agriculture is not progress well? 12. What are some suggestions that government need to implement in order to reduce the effect of climate change on agricultural expansion? 13. What are some of the effective methods that SIDS need to pursue in order to maintain their sustainability? 14. What are the effects on the livelihood of the people? 15. What is your advice for your Government as Citizen to address the issue? amount of the Interviewees 1. Dr. Morgan 2. Simeon 3. Mike 4. John 5. Peter 6. Angela 7. Rodley 8. Calwin 9. Lavinia 10. Fred 11. Sau 12. Agnes 13. Emily 14. Matilda 15. Robert