A Letter to His Parents by Dr. Jose Rizal Essay

PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISMPsychoanalytic reproval* It adopts the methods of reading. It argues the literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author. * A literary work is a manifestation of the authors own neuroses. * It normally assumes that all such characters atomic number 18 projections of the authors psyche. * It validates the importance of literature.* Seeks try out of unresolved emotions, psychological run afouls, guilt, ambivalences and may result to a disunited literary work. * The authors own childhood traumas, sexual conflicts and fixation put forward be traced within the behavior of the characters in his/her literary work. Key price in Psychoanalytic criticism by Freud1. repression. Every human has to tolerate a repression of the enjoyment doctrine by the human race principle for some, redden whole societies, repression may become excessive and make us ill. The enigma at the heart of Freuds work is that we come to be what we atomic number 18 only by massive repression of the elements that pose gone into our making. A live conception in Freuds thought is that that which is repressed will choke in some way among the ways are parapraxis and mental disorders.2. sexuality The zoning of pleasure through oral, anal and phallic stages a gradual organization of the libidinal drives. The object of drives is flexible, changeable. Freud considered the biologically appropriate phallic stage to be the proper, mature phase. The drives nooky be hung up, as it were, on objects, which are thus fetishized, wrongly experienced as the design of the drive.3. ego. The early years of childs life are non those of a unified subject and are a complex, shimmy field of libidinal force in which the subject has no focalise of identity and has indeterminate boundaries with the external world. The self which emerges, however, from the Oedipus complex (see below) is while more than stable, a split subject, torn between conscious andunconscious creation, as it is forbidden to consummate the union it desires and so must repress those desires and step in more acceptable objects of desire.4. the Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex is/marks the structure of relations by which we are produced and constituted as subjects. The self must be interpreted in hand to exist in the world ca-caed as an individual, a gendered subject through the Oedipus complex, and the threat of castration. The child desires (union with) mother, the father intervenes and veto this union the son sees his difference from mother (her lack of a phallus), adjusts to reality by seeing its capability of being like the father who is in like manner his enemy and whose power threatens to castrate him. This is not an easy or simple process but is deeply disturbing and marks the child as he represses his true desire. This process is less clear for women, who resign selves to being like the mother, and displace their desire fo r, in their case, the father, onto a desire to have a child.5. dream interpretation. The aspects of a dream are condensation (focusing versatile meanings in one referent), displacement (something like the use of tropes, allusions), regressive transmutation (replacing ideas and feelings with images), secondary revision (making everything fit into a story ) all concepts which can easily be transferred to the function of literature.6. unconscious Produced through repression, the unconscious peaks in the world through dreams, through parapraxes (slips, ways in which the unconscious speaks disrespect the vigilance of our conscious selves). The unconscious is powered by libidinal drives, and is an essential force in our lives.7. disorders1. neurosis obsessional, hysterical, or phobic the result of internal conflict as the ego defensively blocks the intrusion of desire these begin during the Oedipal phase, arrested or fixated analysis uncovers the hidden causes and acts to re-live, re -interpret the failed development, in order to relieve the patient of her/his conflicts, so dissolving distressingsymptoms.2. psychosis the ego comes under the sway of the unconscious paranoia, schizophrenic disorder a harder case to treat than neurosis, as the self has been virtually subsumed. 8. transference. As the patient talks to the analyst, he transfers his conflicts onto analyst this creates a controlled situation, a form of repetition of the conflict, in which conflict the analyst can intervene what is repaired in analysis is not quite what is wrong in real life, but the patient is able to construct a new narrative for herself, in which she can interpret and make sense of the disturbances from which she suffers.9. the early theory of the self According to Silverman(see particularly Ch. 2 and 4) the earlier theory of the self is a more flexible, dynamic concept than the afterwards. In the early theory, or topography, install in The Interpretation of Dreams, the mind is di vided into three areas, the memory, the unconscious, and the preconscious. There are as well two temporary conditions, memory, which leaves sensory mnemonic traces (fully kind to the unconscious, but fully accessible to the conscious self), and the motor response. The unconscious is, of course, not itself accessible to the conscious self except in disguised form. The heathenish norms and repressions are stored in the preconscious, which is somewhat available to the conscious self. It is the preconscious which substitutes attainable gratifications for unachievable ones, and which works to substitute thought for sensory and affective memories. The pleasure principle is in fact the motive to avoid discomfort, not to seek pleasure the discomfort is produced by the conflicts that we inevitably feel through repressions, prohibitions and so forth.10. The later theory the Id operates at the behest of the pleasure principle the ego, formed through a series of identifications with objects e xternal to the self, carries out the commands of the reality principle the superego in an internalized sublime image of the father in his power, his privilege, his repressiveness, and his genuinely-experienced superiority.